Cosmetic ingredient

Tentative Eeport of the S afety Mssessment of Propylene Glycol, Cosmetic Ingredient Keview, The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Eragrance Association, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

CTFH International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, 4th Ed., CTFA, Washiagton, D.C., 1991. 

Expert Panel of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Final Report on the Safety Assessment for Diisopropano/amine, Triisopropano/amine, Isopropano/amine, Mixed Isopropano/amines, Sept. 26, 1986 Final Report for the Safety Assessment for Triethanolamine, Diethanolamine, Monoethanolamine, May 19, 1983. 

Teratogenic effects have been noted with 2- and 4-aminophenol in the hamster, but 3-aminophenol was without effect in the hamster and rat (129,130). 4-Aminophenol is known to inhibit DNA synthesis and alter DNA stmcture in human lymphoblasts (131,132) and is mutagenic in mouse micronuclei tests (133). The aminophenols have been shown to be genotoxic, as evidenced by the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (134,135), but they also exert a protective effect against DNA interaction with other noxious chemicals (136). After assessment of available data a recent report stated that the aminophenols were safe as cosmetic ingredients in their present uses and concentrations (137). 

J. E. Poulke, Cosmetic Ingredients, HHS PubHcation No. 93-5013, Department of Health and Human Services, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1993. 

The ocular irritation caused by cosmetic ingredients has been evaluated by the determination of the amount of histamine contained in tears. Contact of surfactants and the eye tissue cause an immediate dose-dependent release of histamine through direct cytotoxic damage of cell membranes. This method has been tested with sodium lauryl sulfate with volunteers [187]. 

Cosmetic Ingredient Review (1987) Final report on the safety assessment of retinyl palmitate and retinol. J Am Coll Toxicol 6 279-320... 

Analysis of Cosmetic Ingredients for Nitrites, by Raltech Scientific Services. Available from the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc. 

Food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic ingredients Akamatsu, A. et al., Japan Patent 10,306,073, 1998... 

CTFA Compendium of Cosmetic Ingredient Composition, Descriptions 1, Nikitakis, J.M. and McEwen, G.N., Eds., The Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Cyclic ketals (potential cosmetic ingredients) were obtained in excellent yields from a cineole ketone under the action of microwaves in solvent-free conditions or in toluene. The results reported compared very favorably with those obtained by use of conventional heating (Eq. (23) and Tab. 3.9) [76]. 

It is ironic that possibly the first animal model of relevance to immunotoxicology was reported by Portier and Richet in 1902 [45] in an attempt to induce tolerance to a sea anemone toxin, they accidentally produced a shock reaction in dogs. Since this was not the protective effect they had hoped to produce (phylaxis for protection in Greek), they named the reaction anaphylaxis [46], The irony, of course, is that this serious reaction, mediated by IgE in humans, has proven to be notoriously difficult to predict based on animal studies. This is no trivial issue, since anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening reaction associated with exposure to drugs, foods, cosmetic ingredients, and other exogenous substances [47],... 

Sodium dithionite solution, 23 675 Sodium DL-2-pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylate (sodium PCA) cosmetic ingredient, 7 828 Sodium dodecyl (lauryl) sulfate (SDS), 9 745-746... 

Powers, D.H. and Fox, C. (1957). A study of the effect of cosmetic ingredients, creams and lotions on the rate of moisture loss. Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods from the Skin Ass. 28 21. Racy, I. (1989). Drug Formulation. Wiley, New York. 

Rieger, M.M. and Deems, D.E. (1974). Skin Moisturizers. II. The effects of cosmetic ingredients on human stratum comeum. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 25 253. 

SCCNFP. Basic criteria for the in-vitro assessment of dermal absorption of cosmetic ingredients, 2003. 

Gocke E, King MT, Eckhardt K, et al. 1981. Mutagenicity of cosmetics ingredients licensed by the European communities. Mutat Res 90 91-109. 

Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM (2005) Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment. Water Res 39 4790 796... 

In Europe, the developmental toxicity testing (including teratogenicity) of new cosmetic ingredients is performed according to the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC only alternatives leading to full replacement of animal experiments should be used. This chapter presents the three scientifically validated animal alternative methods for the assessment of embryotoxicity the embryonic stem cell test (EST), the micromass (MM) assay, and the whole embryo culture (WEC) assay. 

Key words Teratogenicity testing. Cosmetics, Cosmetic ingredients, EU Cosmetic Directive... 

This chapter describes the validated alternative methods available for the developmental toxicity evaluation of new cosmetic ingredients, with particular attention to the detection of teratogenicity. 

Cosmetic ingredients are natural or synthesized chemicals entering in the preparation/formulation of cosmetic products. According to the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC (1), cosmetic products placed on the market must not cause damage to human health when applied under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. The cosmetics manufacturers have to ensure the safety of their cosmetic products prior to marketing. However, the European Commission can adopt, on the basis of advice of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), measures to limit or to forbid the commercialization of cosmetic products containing ingredients with safety concerns. 

The Cosmetics Directive prohibits the testing of finished cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients on animals since 11 March 2009 (testing ban) for all human health effects with the exception... 

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