Chlorhexidine gluconate solution

Johnsson J, Seeberg S, Kjellmer I. Blood concentrations of chlorhexidine in neonates undergoing routine cord care with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate solution. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987 76(4) 675-6. 

Chlorhexidine gluconate solution Chlorhexidine hydrochloride JP Chlorhexidine gluconate solution... 

Chlorhexidini digluconatis solutio Chlorhexidini dihydrochloridum Chlorhexidine gluconate solution Chlorhexidine is usually encountered as the acetate, gluconate, or hydrochloride salt, and a number of pharmacopeias contain monographs for such materials. See Sections 9 and 17. 

In aqueous solution, chlorhexidine salts may undergo hydrolysis to form 4-chloroaniline. Following autoclaving of a 0.02% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate solution at pH 9 for 30 minutes at 120°C, it was found that 1.56% w/w of the original chlorhexidine content had been converted into 4-chloroaniline for solutions at pH 6.3 and 4.7 the 4-chloroaniline content was 0.27% w/w and 0.13% w/w, respectively, of the original gluconate content. In buffered 0.05% w/v chlorhexidine acetate solutions, maximum stability occurs at pH 5.6. 

In ophthalmic preparations, irritation of the conjunctiva occurs with chlorhexidine solutions of concentration stronger than 0.1% w/v. Accidental eye contact with 4% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate solution may result in corneal damage. ... 

Comments the commercially available 5% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate solution contains a nonionic surfactant to prevent precipitation and is not suitable for use in body cavities or for the disinfection of surgical instruments containing cemented glass components. Aqueous dilutions of commercially available chlorhexidine gluconate solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving. See Sections 11 and 12. 

Topical 2% povidone iodine solution and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution have broad antimicrobial profiles and may be used as cheap spectrum and effective antifungal agents in equine ketomycosis, particularly where Fusarium spp. are involved. A1% dermatological cream formulation of silver sulfadiazine has both antifungal and antibacterial properties and is reasonably well tolerated topically in the horse eye. Its use is advocated where cost restraints exist or for prophylaxis in comeal injuries involving embedded plant material (Hamor Whelan 1999). 

Disinfection of the ocular surface prior to surgery is recommended. A 2% solution of povidone iodine is non-irritant and will reduce the microbial burden of the external eye significantly for up to 1 h after presurgical preparation. A 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution can be used with similar effect, although this may be irritant in some horses. In either case, scrub preparations must not be used. 

DS Paulson. Efficacy evaluation of a 4% chlorhexidine gluconate solution as a full-body shower wash. Am J Infect Control 21 (4) 205-209, 1993. 

Most recently. Rotter et al. [39] reported a prospective multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Two immediately consecutive presurgical baths with a 4% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate solution were tested. Twenty-five milliliters of detergent was applied all over the body (including the face, around the eyes, and, in the second bath, a shampoo). The authors concluded that the bathing of patients twice prior to surgery with an antimicrobial detergent with chlorhexidine did not reduce the incidence of infection of clean wound procedures as shown with extensive statistical analysis. 

Employ maximal sterile barrier precautions. Use aseptic technique including the use of a cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves, and a large sterile sheet for the insertion of all CVCs. Use 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution for skin sterilization at the CVC insertion site. Avoid femoral site for nonemergency CVC insertion and ensure prompt removal of unnecessary catheters. 

Bephenium Hydroxy-naphthoate Bisacodyl Caramiphen Hydrochloride Carbachol, B.P. Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution, B.P. 

Ghlorhexidine Gluconate. Chlorhexidine gluconate [18472-51 -0] (l,l -hexamethylene bis[5-(p-chlorophenyl) biguanide] di-D-gluconate) is used as an antimicrobial against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria ia the oral cavity. It is used as a therapeutic supplement ia the treatment of gingivitis, periodontal disease, and dental caries. A mouth riase form is available as a 0.12 wt% aqueous solution (288). 

A wide range of substances that are toxic to the cornea may produce epithelial insult known as toxic keratitis. This terminology is generally reserved for mild superficial corneal irritation after contact with a harmful substance. Solutions foreign to the eye that commonly cause toxic keratitis include shampoos, lotions, and chlorinated pool water. Toxic corneal reactions have been reported from tonometer tips contaminated with 70% isopropyl alcohol or hydrogen peroxide that was not fully removed after disinfection of the probe. Irreversible corneal scarring has resulted from inadvertent ocular contamination with chlorhexidine gluconate, a skin cleanser used preop-eratively. The mistaken use of nonophthalmic products for eyedrops may result in various forms of corneal trauma. 

In a collaborative Danish study, 2061 patients were patch-tested with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% in water. There was a positive reaction in 2.3% of the patients. This was more common in patients with leg eczema (6.8%) or leg ulcer (10.6%) than in those with eczema of the hands (1.9%) or at other sites (1.6%). Of the 14 patients who were retested with chlorhexidine, only one was positive to the 1% solution and none to a solution of 0.01%. This apparent loss of sensitivity may be due to irritable skin at the initial testing, the so-called excited skin syndrome. This study suggests that the sensitizing potential of chlorhexidine is very low, but that it should be used with caution in dressings for leg ulcers. 

In the last two cases, epicutaneous tests with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate, and prick tests with 0.05 and 0.01% of the acetate solution were positive (48). 

Anaphylactic circulatory arrest occurred in a 53-year-old man with acromegaly when his nasal mucosa was cleaned with an aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05% (51). 

As excipients, chlorhexidine salts are mainly used for the preservation of eye-drops at a concentration of 0.01% w/v generally the acetate or gluconate salt is used for this purpose. Solutions containing 0.002-0.006% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate have also been used for the disinfection of hydrophilic contact lenses. 

When chlorhexidine solutions were autoclaved at various time and temperature combinations, the rate of hydrolysis increased markedly above 100°C, and as pH increased or decreased from pH 5.6. At a given pH, chlorhexidine gluconate produced more 4-chloroaniline than the acetate. 

Appearance chlorhexidine gluconate is usually used as an almost colorless or pale yellow-colored aqueous solution. 

Solutions formulated to clean hard gas-permeable contact lenses are sterile and pH buffered. They are soaking solutions and include lens-hydrating (wetting) agents (e.g., cationic cellulose derivatives) and preservatives (e.g., edetate disodium, chlorhexidine gluconate). 

The sequential use of a chlorhexidine gluconate-containing detergent followed by an alcoholic disinfectant reduced the release of resident skin bacteria significantly better than did a sequence of unmedicated soap and alcohol used for the same periods. Paulson compared five surgical hand-scrub preparations (4% CHG brush, 2% CHG solution, povidone-iodine brush, parachlorometaxylenol brush, and alcohol-impregnated brush) [ 14]. Only the CHG products demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness in all three parameters (immediate, persistent, and residual). A comparison also was made between a 5-minute povidone-iodine scrub and a 1 -minute povidone-iodine scrub, followed by alcohol foam [15]. The total number... 

Following product application and hand-sampling, the subjects will be required to perform a supervised 1-minute hand rinse with 70% ethanol, with an air-dry, followed by a 4-minute wash with a 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) or 10% povidone-iodine solution, and a water rinse to remove any residual E. coli (ATCC 11229) from the hands. 

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) for skin antisepsis is superior to aqueous povidone iodine (PVl) for prevention of CLABSl [14]. In comparison to alcoholic PVI, no clear evidence exists as to the superiority or inferiority of CHG solutions. The optimal concentration of CHG remains unclear. The CDC advocate... 

Chemical structure of chlorhexidine available commercially as gluconate solution, acetate, and hydrochloride... 

A chlorhexidine gluconate-poloxamer 187 solution has been developed as an antiseptic skin cleansing formulation [249]. This contains 25% poloxamer 187, chosen to produce the greatest foaming capacity and also because the poloxamers as a class interfere with the activity of the chlorhexidine less than other non-... 

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