Chloramine Chloramines

For a long time, the Raschig process, which was discovered in 1907, was used for the production of hydrazine. Here, ammonia is oxidized with sodium hypochlorite in alkahne solution (pH = 8 11). In the initial rapid reaction, (55) sodium hypochlorite reacts with ammonia, forming chloramine. Chloramine then reacts with ammonia in a slower second reaction. ... 

Effluents from sewage treatment plants can contain significant amounts of ammonia that when disinfected, instead of finding free chlorine, subsfilufion producfs of ammonia called chloramines are found. In addition, in water treatment plants, ammonia are often purposely added to chlorine. This, again, also forms the chloramines. Chloramines are disinfectants like chlorine, but they are slow reacting, and it is this slow-reacting property that is the reason why ammonia is used. The purpose is to provide residual disinfectant in the distribution system. In other words, the formation of chloramines assures that when the water arrives at the tap of the consumer, a certain amount of disinfectant still exists. 

In the commercial production of hydrazine by the Raschig process, a large excess of ammonium hydroxide and fresh sodium hypochlorite are first reacted to make chloramine. Chloramine is then converted to crude hydrazine by rapid heating. The reactor effluent, containing about 2.5 wt% of hydrazine, is stripped of unreacted ammonia. The hydrazine solution is then concentrated... 

N = 7,270 housing age, tap water sources, and change in water disinfection to using chloramines chloramines ... 

The primary use of anhydrous ammonia (ammonia gas) in water treatment is to combine with chlorine to form chloramines. Chloramines are used both as primary and secondary disinfectants. Use as a secondary disinfectant (residual in the distribution system) is more common. A typical treatment strategy is to use free chlorine to satisfy the USE PA regulatory CT requirements as a primary disinfectant. Ammonia is then added to combine with the free chlorine residual to form chloramines for use as the secondary distribution system disinfectant. The ammonia added is carefully controlled to ensure that all the free chlorine is combined and little free ammonia remains. This control is necessary because the presence of free chlorine can form regulated by-products. Free ammonia can increase the growth of nitrifying bacteria, thus causing residual demand that could lead to conditions that could violate the Total Coliform Rule. 

If ammonia is used in large excess and the chlorine diluted with nitrogen, chloramine, NH Cl, is formed ... 

When chlorine is passed into aqueous ammonia, ammonium chloride and nitrogen are formed. If, however, sodium chloratefi) (hypochlorite) is used instead of chlorine, chloramine is first formed ... 

Normally the chloramine immediately undergoes further reaction, giving oft nitrogen ... 

Toluene-p-sulphonchloro-sodio-amide ( Chloramine-T ), CHjC HjSO-NNaCh. H.O, and Toluene-p-sulphon-dichloro-amide ( Dickloramine-T ), CH3C H4S02Na2. 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T can be readily estimated, because they liberate iodine from potassium iodide quantitatively in the presence of... 

Dichloramine-T and chloramine-T. When p toluenesulphonamide is dissolved in excess of sodium (01 calcium) hypochlorite solution, it is converted into the soluble salt of the N-monochloro derivative ... 

When the dichloramine-T is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, the reverse change occurs and sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulphoiiamide (chloramine-T) crystallises out on cooling at a suitable concentration ... 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T slowly liberate hypochlorous aeid in eontaet with water and are therefore employed as antiseptics the former is employed in the form of a dilute (e.g., 0-2 per eent.) aqueous solution, and the latter (which is insoluble in water) as a solution in an organic solvent, such as a chlorinated paraffin. 

Chloramine-T is a salt and has no definite m.p. upon heating it loses water of crystallisation and decomposes violently at 175-180°. 

If the cut is Only a minor one, allow it to bleed for a few seconds, see that no glass remains, apply a disinfectant (rectified spirit, Dettol, 1 per cent aqueous chloramine-T solution, or sulpha-pyridine powder) and bandage. 

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