Hypochlorite chloramine formation

In Reaction 1, the formation of sodium hypochlorite is spontaneous with in situ mixing of chlorine and aqueous caustic solution. In Reaction 2, the reaction rate for chloramine formation is rapid relative to the formation of hydrazine in Reaction 3. Because the decomposition rates are relatively insensitive to temperature. Reaction 3 is operated at 130°C to speed up the rate-determining step. Excess ammonia is used to minimize the hydrazine-chloramine decomposition. 

Liquid household bleach is generally a 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Ammonia cleansers—including general household cleansers, wax removers, glass and window cleaners, and oven cleaners — are aqueous solutions of 5-10% ammonia, NH3. Mixing bleach with cleansers containing ammonia leads to the formation of a family of potentially toxic compounds known as chloramines. These toxic gases have acrid fumes that can bum mucous membranes. Scented bleaches can mask one s natural ability to detect these harmful fumes. 

Oxidation of triazine herbicides with chlorine and chlorine dioxide has been widely studied [105-108]. In the case of sulfur-containing triazines, oxidation occurs mainly via cleavage of the weakened R-S-CH3 bond rather than by addition of chlorine. Reactions of S-triazines with chlorine are faster than with chlorine dioxide, and form sulfoxide, sulfone, and a sulfone hydrolysis product. Chlorination with chlorine dioxide only produced sulfoxide [108]. Lopez et al. identified the formation of sulfonate esters during the chlorination of ametryn and terbutryn [106, 107]. Triazine DBFs identified by Brix et al. exhibited higher toxicities than the parent compounds [105]. Similar to triazines, clethodim, a cyclohexanedione herbicide, is oxidized by hypochlorite and chloramines to clethodim sulfoxide and then to sulfone [109]. 

Another concurrent factor not considered in the risk analysis was the toxicology of residual amounts of the disinfectant species including hypochlorous acid and chloramines related to chlorine that would normally be present as residuals in chlorinated water. The in vivo toxicology of hypochlorite now indicates the formation of haloforms and halonitriles and thus additional risks (34). 

Hawkins CL, Davies MJ (2001) Hypochlorite-Induced Damage to Nucleosides Formation of Chloramines and Nitrogen-Centered Radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 14 1071... 

Chloramines are considered as main products secondary to hypochlorite formation. Taurine is one of the most abundant sources of free amino groups in polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes, representing approximately 50% of all low-molecular-weight amines released by PMNs (G24, Z5), and taurine chloramine is formed immediately along with MPO-mediated HOC1 synthesis ... 

On account of its low chlorine potential178 (pJ cp = 4.85 at 250)11 40 is a stronger chlorinating reagent in water than either chloramine-T or V-chlorosuccinimide.174 Methanolysis of 40 yields 1 and methyl hypochlorite.174 An earlier report122 and references179 on formation of N-methylsaccharin (8) in this reaction should be revised. 

It is well-known that organoboranes can be utilized to yield primary amines by treating them with chloramine or hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid Recently Kabalka et al. reported a convenient synthesis of primary alkyl amines via the reaction of organoboranes with ammonium hydroxide in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (Eq. 13) The reaction presumably proceeds through the in situ formation of chloramine. 

Silk fibrion is highly sensitive to oxidising agents like hypochlorite and chlorite solutions. Oxidation and substitution in the benzene ring of tyrosine is responsible for degradation of silk with the formation of chloro-amino acids, ketonic acids and chloramine in several stages [105]. 

Chlorine may also be found in water under the hypochlorite ion, which is a strong oxidant used for water and housing disinfection. It is used for tap water production as well as for swimming pool water treatment or, in some cases, for the oxidation of odorous compounds. This product (commonly found as Eau de Javel ) also has a persistent disinfecting action as long as hypochlorite is in the solution. The residual concentration must thus be sufficient but not in large excess, because of the formation of organohalogeno compounds such as chloramines, which are responsible for eye irritations and can even be toxic. 

Dichloramine-T when heated with sufficient amount of 10% wiv) sodium hydroxide solution it gives rise to the formation chloramine-T and a mole each of sodium hypochlorite and water. 

The interaction between toluene-p-sulphonamide with freshly prepared sodium hypochlorite solution (2 M) in the presence of 10% NaOH solution results into the formation of chloramine-T, and a mole of H2O gets eliminated. 

Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Hypochlorite-induced damage to DNA, RNA, and polynucleotides formation of chloramines and nitrogen-centered radicals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002 15 83-92. 

It is advisable to carry out the process of determination photometrically, employing Berthelot s colour reaction. This reaction is based on the formation of the indole dye indophenol blue. Firstly, hypochlorite is used to convert NH4 into chloramine under alkaline conditions. 

Under acidic conditions, the reaction equilibrium is shifted away from the formation of hypochlorous acid, which explains the formation of hypochlorite and chlorine and also the chlorinating action of chloramines, which are used as disinfectants and sanitising agents in the food industry. In acidic media hypochloric acid cation and chloride arise in the reaction with hydronium ions ... 

This reaction proceeds via the formation of chloramine, NH2CI, a highly toxic and volatile gas. For this reason, household bleach or scouring powders, which may contain the hypochlorite ion, and ammonia cleansers should never be mixed ... 

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