Chlamydia pneumoniae and

Kalman S, Mitchell W, Marathe R et al. Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Nature Genet 1999 21[4] 385-389. 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Vojdani, A., Campbell, A.W., Anyanwu, E., Kashanian, A., Bock, K., Vojdani, E. 2002. Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism possible cross-reaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A.. / Neuroimmunol. 129, 168-177. 

Due to its powerful specific activity against commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens [33,149-158], including penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria [159-162], moxifloxacin was developed as a respiratory tract anti-infective [163-168]. 

So-called atypical bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the next most important group of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens, accounting for around one case in every eight in hospitalised patients. Atypical bacteria are not sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins and the treatment of choice is a macrolide such as erythromycin. 

Erythromycin is active against gram-positive cocci with the exception of enterococci. Erythromycin is also active against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Clarithromycin and azithromycin have antibacterial spectra similar to that of erythromycin except that they have enhanced activity against H. influenzae. 

Swanborg RH, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Infectious agents and multiple sclerosis Are Chlamydia pneumoniae and human herpes virus six involved J Neuroimmunol 2003 136 1-8. 

Dean D, Neumayr L, Kelly DM, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and acute chest syndrome in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003 25 46-55. 

Eile TM, Tan JS, Plouffe JE. The role of atypical pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in respiratory infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998 12 569-592. 

With increasing evidence for a causative association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary heart disease, roxithromycin has been investigated for its anti-chlamydial and anti-inflammatory effects on clinical outcome in patients with unstable angina [172, 173]. Compared with placebo in a double-blind, randomized, prospective, multicenter trial, the drug given at 150 mg b.i.d. for 30 days... 

Inflammation in the plaque wall has been postulated to influence thrombus formation in myocardial infarction (Ml) as well as stroke. Recent studies have focused on the possibility that infection in the plaque contributes to thrombus formation and subsequent stroke or Ml. Chlamydia pneumoniae particles have been recently discovered in carotid and coronary plaques [15]. Although several studies have shown an association between elevated serum antibody titers for Chlamydia pneumoniae and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, there remains no clear evidence of stroke risk reduction associated with antibiotic therapy [6, 16]. Another condition that can produce progressive carotid narrowing not due to atherosclerosis is intimal hyperplasia, which can occur after radiation treatment to the neck or prior carotid endarterectomy. 

Dart, A.M., Martin, J.L., and Kay, S. 2002. Association between past infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and body mass index, low-density lipoprotein particle size and fasting insulin. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 26, 464-468. 

Generally very resistant to all antimicrobials check sensitivities to ceftazidime 6 ticarcillinChlamydia pneumoniae Doxycyclinee... 

Kalayoglu, M.V., and Byrne, G.I., 1998a, A Chlamydia pneumoniae component that induces macrophage foam ceU formation is chlamydial hpopolysaccharide, Infect. Immun. 66 5067-5072. 

The major precipitants of exacerbations of COPD are acute airways infections. The role of bacteria in precipitating exacerbations is controversial. Bacteria may have a primary role in the development of an exacerbation or represent a secondary superinfection of an initial viral process. The major bacterial organisms that have been associated with exacerbations are Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a part. In COPD patients with a FEVi < 35% predicted gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. play an important part in acute exacerbations. 

A number of infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, such as trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and urethritis, can be treated with topical or systemic sulfonamides, although tetracycline or erythromycin is preferred. 

It is indicated in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection e.g. bronchitis and pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections e.g. pharyngitis and sinusitis, infections due to chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma, skin and soft tissue infections and eradication of H. pylori with acid suppressants. 

Some publications desaibed successful use of Enterosgel for treatment of systemic osteoporosis in post-menopausal women [83], reactive arthritis associated with chlamydia or/and yersiniosis infections [84], and severe forms of acute pneumonia in children [85, 86]. 

Levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, so-called respiratory fluoroquinolones, with their enhanced gram-positive activity and activity against atypical pneumonia agents (eg, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella), are effective and used increasingly for treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Miura, K. Inouye, S. Sakai, K. Takaoka, H. Kishi, F. Tabuchi, M. Tanaka, T. Matsumoto, H. Shirai, M. Nakazawa, T. Nakazawa, A. Cloning and characterization of adenylate kinase from Chlamydia pneumoniae. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 13490-13498 (2001)... 

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