Neuron-specific

VILDP-1, VILDP-2, hippocalcin, neurocalcin, and VILIP-3 (also named hippocalcin-like 1 protein) are expressed in different cell types in the brain. All isoforms are neuronal-specific. 

Ceballos-Picot, I., Nicole, A., Briand, P., Grimber, G., Delacourte, A., Defossez, A., Javoy-Agid, F., Lafon, M., Blouin, J.L. and Sinet, P.M. (1991). Neuronal-specific expression of human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase gene in transgenic mice animal model of gene dosage effects in Down s syndrome. Brain Res, 552, 198-214. 

Takahashi S., Iwanaga T Takahashi Y., Nakano Y., et al. (1984). Neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein and S-100 protein protein in the olfactory mucosa of human fetuses an immunohistochemical study. Cell Tiss Res 238, 231-234. 

Takami S., Getchell, M. and Chen, Y. (1993). Neurone-specific compounds in the receptor cells of the adult human vomeronasal organ. Neuroreport 4, 375-378. 

Lundell, M. J., and Hirsh, J. (1992). The zfh-2 gene product is a potential regulator of neuron-specific DOPA decarboxylase gene expression in Drosophila Dev. Biol. 154 84-94. 

Thai, A. L. V., Coste, E., Allen, J. M., Palmiter, R. D., and Weber, M. J. (1993). Identification of a neuron-specific promoter of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase gene. Mol. Brain. Res 17 227-238. 

Treacy, M. N He, X., and Rosenfeld, M. G. (1991). I-POU a POU-domain protein that inhibits neuron-specific gene activation. Nature 350 577-584. 

The a3 isoform is expressed mainly in adult neurons and neonatal cardiomyocytes. The a3 gene exhibits three positively regulating cis elements that bind NP-Y, Spl and Sp2 [10]. Its neuron specificity appears to be related to a neural-restrictive silencer element and a positively acting cis element [11]. 

Multiple genes exist for both a- and (3-tubulins. Tubulin isotypes differ primarily at the carboxy-terminus, the region where most post-translational modifications and MAP interactions occur. While most a- and (3-tubulin isotypes are expressed in all tissues, some are expressed preferentially in different tissues. For example, class III and IVa (3-tubulins are neuron-specific (reviewed in [3,14]). It is not known if such examples of tissue-specific... 

At least two classes of regulated secretion can be defined [54]. The standard regulated secretion pathway is common to all secretory cells (i.e. adrenal chromaffin cells, pancreatic beta cells, etc.) and works on a time scale of minutes or even longer in terms of both secretory response to a stimulus and reuptake of membranes after secretion. The second, much faster, neuron-specific form of regulated secretion is release of neurotransmitters at the synapse. Release of neurotransmitters may occur within fractions of a second after a stimulus and reuptake is on the order of seconds. Indeed, synaptic vesicles may be recycled and ready for another round of neurotransmitter release within 1-2 minutes [64]. These two classes of regulated secretion will be discussed separately after a consideration of secretory vesicle biogenesis. 

As noted above, synaptic vesicles are not typically generated at the level of the TGN. Instead, they are assembled from endocytosed material retrieved from the synaptic plasma membrane. Synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane lipids and proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and modified in the Golgi apparatus, where they are then packaged in secretory vesicles. These synaptic precursors are delivered to the plasma membrane from the cell body by the constitutive secretory pathway. Synaptic vesicle proteins must be retrieved by clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis, a variant of RME with some neuron-specific components. Once the vesicle sheds its clathrin coat, the uncoated vesicle fuses with a... 

This list is not intended to be comprehensive. The protein kinases listed are present in many cell types in addition to neurons and are included here because of their multiple functions in the nervous system, including regulation of neuron-specific phenomena. 

Not included are other protein kinases present in diverse tissues, including brain, that play a role in generalized cellular processes, such as intermediary metabolism, and that may not play a role in neuron-specific phenomena. CAK, CDK-activating kinase ... 

This list is not intended to be comprehensive but to indicate the wide array of neuronal proteins regulated by phosphorylation. Some of the proteins are specific to neurons but most are present in many cell types in addition to neurons and are included because their multiple functions in the nervous system include the regulation of neuron-specific phenomena. Not included are the many phosphoproteins present in diverse tissues, including brain, that play a role in generalized cellular processes, such as intermediary metabolism, and that do not appear to play a role in neuron-specific phenomena. NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate CREB, cAMP response element-binding proteins STAT, signal-transducing activators of transcription ... 

Jessell, T. M. Neuronal specification in the spinal cord Inductive signals and transcriptional codes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1 20-29,2000. 

Pre J, Vassy R. 1993. Cigarette smoking and serum levels of alpha-1 fetoprotein carcinoembryonic antigen cancer antigens 125 and 19-9 Neurone-specific enolase. Med Sci Res 21(12) 445-446. 

Tanaka, M., N. Inase, S. Miyake, and Y. Yoshizawa. 2001. Neuron specific enolase promoter for suicide gene therapy in small cell lung carcinoma. Anticancer Res 21(lA) 291-4. 

Representative photomicrographs of neuronal immunostaining with antibodies recognizing neuron specific enolase (a) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (b) in vitro (c) and ex vivo (d) immunostaining of astrocytes with antibodies recognizing glial fibrillary acidic protein microglial cells with ED-1 (e) and OX-42 (f) antibodies... 

---