Children’s products

To help protect small children, CPSC requires that the concentration of lead in most paints available through normal consumer channels be not more than 0.06%. The Federal Hazardous Substance Act (FHSA) bans children s products containing hazardous amounts of lead. 

Exposure of children to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by migration from PVC toys and other articles into saliva has been reported. Until the early 1980s, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was the predominant plasticizer used in soft PVC children s products. Since then, it has been replaced in most countries by other plasticizers, in particular di(iso-nonyl) phthalate (Steiner et al., 1998 Wilkinson Lamb, 1999). 

Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1998. Theriskof chronic toxicity associated with the exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in children s products, http //www.cpsc.gov/phth/execsum.pdf. March26, 2000. 

Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1999d. CPSC releases study on phthalates in teethers, rattles and other children s products. httpAwww.cpsc.gov/cpspub/prerel/prhtml99/9903l.htrd. March 19,... 

Health Canada. 1998. Risk assessment on diisononyl phtbalate in vinyl children s products. http //www.hc-sc.gp.ca/english/protection/mmings/1998/risk.html March 19, 2002. 

CPSA regulations include a ban of paint containing more than 0.06% lead, as well as children s products that bear lead-containing paint (16 CFR part 1303). Certain products that contain respirable, free-form asbestos are also banned under the CPSA (16 CFR part 1304). 

In 1998, the Commission issued guidance requesting manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers to eliminate lead that may be accessible to children from consumer products (16 CFR 1500.230). In 1998, the Commission also issued guidance requesting manufacturers to eliminate the use of hazardous liquid chemicals (e.g., methanol, methylene chloride, and petroleum distillates) from children s products, such as rolling balls, necklaces, pens, and liquid timers (16 CFR 1500.231). 

Humans may be exposed to DIDP by die oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. Occupational exposure occurs primarily through inhalation and dermal contact, while consumer exposure occurs primarily through oral and dermal routes. Exposure of children to DIDP through children s products is a public concern. 

CPSC Notice of Availability of Guidance Document on Hazardous Liquid Chemicals in Children s Products Yes 63 FR 29182 CPSC 1998... 

CPSC. 1998. Notice of availability of guidance document on hazardous liquid chemicals in children s products. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Federal Register. 63 FR 29182. May 28, 1998. 

The import of children s products that contain lead or lead compounds constitutes the manufacture of lead or lead compounds under TSCA. EPA believes importers of such products are the entities most likely to have the type of health and safety studies EPA is seeking. ... 

VIII. Lead in Children s Products and Fishing Sinkers 645... 

In the United States, risk assessment was mainly directed toward the effect of phthalates when used in toys and care articles for children. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) convened a Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP), as recommended by the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA). The CHAP report presented in July 2014 (CHAP, 2014) confirmed the permanent ban of the phthalates DBP, BBP, and DEHP for children s products. It also recommends that DIBP, DPENP, DHEXP and DCHP be permanently banned from use in children s toys and child care articles at levels greater than 0.1%. The interim ban for DINP (>0.1%) was made permanent. An interim ban is put on DIOP. The interim ban on DNOP and DIDP was lifted, however, and additional risk assessments were recommended. No action needs to be taken for DMP and DEP, but additional risk assessments are recommended. No recommendation has been made regarding DPHP due to the lack of information. 

A U.S. law. Title 16 CFR, Part 2051, that established consumer product safety standards and other safety requirements for children s products (e.g., lead content, toys as choking hazards, etc.) and to reauthorize and modernize the Consumer Product Safety Commission. It also provides for whistleblower protection, i.e., protection of individuals against employers for information on the safety concerns of a product. See also Consumer Products Safety Act of 1972 Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC). 

Versar, Inc. and Syracuse Research Corporation. 2010. Progress Report Development of Lead and Phthalate Standard Reference Materials for Use in Testing of Children s Products to Ensure CPSIA Compliance. Prepared for U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission. Available from http //www.cpsc.gov/en/Research-Statistics/-Technical-Reports-/. Accessed... 

Maine Toxic Chemicals in Children s Products ( Co included )... 

Zippers on all children s products must not contain any toxic elements. If the zipper has a surface coating, it must comply with Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) 2008. Zipper fasteners should not have rough or sharp edges and they must be free from rust, contamination, oxidation or all other types of degraded corrosion. Heavy zippers should be avoided, as they are uncomfortable for the child to lie on. Metal zippers get heated on exposure to the sun and should hence be avoided. 

Children s products containing hazardous levels of lead are banned under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. 

Excellent surfactants for low pH, clear, gel or liquid shampoos, bath and cleansing preparations. These products are excellent foamers and give high and consistent viscosity response. Ammonium laureth sulfate is especially suitable for children s products due to low skin irritation properties. 

U.S. LBPPPA amended by the National Consumer Health Information and Health Promotion Act [PL 94-317] 90 STAT. 705-706 1976 Mandated lowering Pb in paint and painted children s products... 

In August 2008, Congress enacted the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act [PL 110-314 15 U.S.C. 1278a], which lowered the permissible levels of lead paint for structural use, paint on furniture, paint on/in children s products, and lead paint on toys intended for children and sold in the U.S. Effective August 14, 2009, such paints cannot exceed 90 ppm total Pb content as determined by laboratory testings [16 CFR 1303.1]. 

The European Union has issued a number of directives and regulations having to do with such aspects of Pb paint as warning labels on paint cans, occupational exposures to Pb and Pb paint, screening children exposed to lead, banning Pb paint in member states, and more recently, controls on Pb in or on children s products. 

The CPSC uses a mixture of regulations and standards (including banning of certain characteristics, for example, small piece parts are banned from products for children younger than 3 years old), testing, and recalls to ensure safety of consumer products. The way the CPSC certifies children s products is illustrative of the approval process. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 requires that almost all children s products sold in the United States, whether imported or produced domestically, must... 

Comply with all applicable children s product safety rules and regulations. 

Obtain a Children s Product Certificate issued by the manufacturer that provides evidence of product safety compliance. 

Measuring the rate of release of DINP and other phthalates from toys and other children s products during child chewing activities has been severely... 

Keywords Elame retardants PBDEs HBCDs TBBPA BERs Halogenated flame retardants Brominated flame retardants Replacement flame retardants House dust Polyurethane foam Eoam furniture Plastics used in TVs and computers Electronics Eood packaging Eood contact materials Children s products Carpets and textiles... 

Children s Products and Clothing Children s exposure to BFRs is a particular concern due to their frequent hand-to-mouth behavior and contact with dust on floors and surface materials in homes. Exposure to chemicals in baby products is of even greater concern for infants, who are in intimate daily contact with these products at vulnerable stages of their development. Children s foam-containing products such as car seats, mattresses, pillows, and changing pads are sources of PentaBDEs, while children s clothing may be treated with DecaBDE (Table 3.2). Hard and soft plastic toys are sources of aU PBDE commercial mixtures (Penta-, Octa- and DecaBDEs). 

Children s products and clothing Child car seats. Car seat pillow Rocking chairs. Cribs Changing table pads Polyurethane foam PentaBDE 32,270 mg/kg in foam (mean) St lebHi et al. (2011)... 

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