Natural-gas liquids

The composition of natural gas varies oonsiderably from lean non-associated gas which is predominantly methane to rich associated gas containing significant proportion of natural gas liquids. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are those components remaining once methane and all non-hydrocarbon components have been removed, i.e. (Cg-C ). 

Tphe Middle East oil crisis increased natural gas needs, and dwindling gas reserves have intensified the need to use our huge coal reserves for the synthesis of gas, especially methane. Energy requirements will double in the next 10 years and triple before the turn of the century. Use of pipeline gas has been increasing by 6% per year, almost double the overall energy demand. The rate of gas discovery in the United States has not kept pace with use, and the estimated reserves of some 2,500 trillion cubic feet could easily be depleted in 25 years. Liquid natural gas is imported to ease shortages, but it is 5-10 times as expensive as natural gas. 

Cryogenic Gases, usually liquefied, that induce freezing temperatures of -150 degrees F and below such as liquid oxygen, liquid helium, liquid natural gas, and liquid hydrogen. 

The United States has been a major producer and user of natural gas, but only a few percent of annual production is used for vehicles, construction and other equipment including power generation. Compressed natural gas has been used in about 30,000 vehicles in the United States, which includes school buses, delivery trucks, and fleet vehicles. Worldwide, about a million vehicles in thirty-five countries operate on natural gas. Some of the countries where natural gas is widely used include New Zealand, Italy and countries of the former Soviet Union. Vehicles that operate on liquid natural gas have also been used in taxis in Korea and Japan. 

NAFTA n.a. NEA NEDC NG NGC NGL NGPL NMVOC NOC NUTS North American Free Trade Agreement Not available Nuclear Energy Agency New European Driving Cycle Natural gas Natural gas from coal Natural-gas liquids Natural gas plant liquids Non-methane volatile organic carbons National Oil Company Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics... 

Biofuels can be used as an alternative fuel for transport, as can other alternatives such as liquid natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied... 

Lapin, A., Cinnamon, S.J., Problem of Hydrate Formation in Natural Gas Systems, in Proc. Liquid Natural Gas Its Production, Handling, and Use, London, p. 198, 3/25-28 (1969). 

The resolutions have introduced an incentive system for new investments destined to the development of the network and of the liquid natural gas (LNG) terminals. At the end of the first period of regulation, the increase in assets deriving from the new investments carried out during the first period will be considered part of the new RAB. The Authority will have the responsibility to ensure a fair yielding of the invested capital. The tariff system is therefore studied to reward efficiency and supports the development of investments. 

Natural gas can be stored in UGS facilities, or in Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) receiving terminals and peak-shaving units which can supply gas at a high rate in the cold season and over a short interval. 

Natural gas and electricity provide the least air quality problems, but neither is without emission problems. Compressed natural gas or liquid natural gas seem particularly promising for use in buses and in large-fleet applications. The alcohol fuels, especially when blended with gasoline and used in flexible fuel vehicles,... 

TNO housed hollow hber membranes inside a pressure vessel, to be able to operate with gaseous streams at high pressures [52]. This system is useful for treating (by absorbent liquid) natural gas or petrochemical streams containing species such as CO2 and H2S. 

Phase transitions are central in many industrial problems, for instance, in distillation, absorption, condensation, manufacture of liquid natural gas, and multiphase flow. We shall use the liquid/vapour transition to illustrate the basic hypotheses and usefulness of NET for surfaces, a relatively new application. For applications to homogeneous phases, we refer the reader to the basic literature see Section 2,... 

Three-dimensional glass fiber, as shown as 5 of Figure 52, can be used for batch and continuous processes (23, 24). This foamed composite is proposed for use in cryogenic insulation, such as liquid natural-gas tank insulation. However, its manufacturing process seems to be very complex and production costs would be high. 

Dedicated-fuel vehicles operate on a single fuel which is typically cheaper and more efficient. Vehicles that operate on liquid natural gas are used in taxis in Japan, Korea, and the major difference between compressed natural gas and more conventional fuels is its form. Natural gas is gaseous rather than liquid in its natural state. 

To interested observers, it appeared that the Soviet Union was gearing up to develop hydrogen-fueled aviation and that it had a leg up over the West in exploring this new technology. Maybe it was only old-style communist propaganda, but both TASS and the party newspaper Izvestia implied that aircraft powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid natural gas were going to be the wave of the socialist future. 

The litnii of superheat of a liquid, also known as the homogenous nucleation limit, represents the deepest possible penetration of a liquid into the domain of metastable states. At constant pressure (P) it is the highest temperature (T) below the critical point that a liquid can sustain without undergoing a phase transition at constant temperature, it is the lowest pressure. The importance of this limit resides in the consequences of the phase transition that eventually occurs when the limit is reached. The phase transition may be explosive or nonexplosive as it relates to such processes as contact vapor explosions in postulated nuclear reactor accidents, spills of liquid natural gas during transport, and burning of fuel droplets. 

An alternative to fire gas transport is liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation. A much higher density is gained at the expense of additional losses due to liquefaction, ship transport, and boiloff, estimated to be in the range of 12 - 20 % [39]. Relay bases as distribution systems are being operated for LH2, LNG, and LPG. These satellites bases are usually smaller than the primary bases. 

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