Central European Countries

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

The explosives used in Czechoslovakia over the inter-war period were similar to those used in other Central European countries. 

While estimating the Caspian gas prospects, the probable impact of the Russian gas sector should be taken into consideration. Also the Russian influence of the markets in the East and Central European Countries, Balkan, Turkey and South Caucasus should be taken into consideration. This includes long-term supply contracts and sometimes equity and management stakes in major supply entities. Currently Russia exports roughly 130 bcm/y of natural gas to Europe and 60-70 bcm to Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic and South Caucasian States. 

Figr. 2.5. Nationwide annual emission inventories to air of dioxin-like compounds in worldwide countries (a) Average of emissions of EU countries were used for EU Korea 1998 and 1999 (recalculated from NIER, 2000b and KMOE, 2001, respectively), Korea 2001-2004 (from KMOE website), Japan (1998-2003) (from (JMOE website), USA 1995 (from US EPA, 1998b), EU 1995 (UNEP, 1999), EU 2000 and 2005 (estimated for 2000 and projected for 2005 from Quap et al., 2000), (b) emission inventories of 2000 for EU (Quap et al., 2000) and central European countries (Pulles et al., 2005), (c) and (d) calculated from values of (b). The emission of South Korea (S. Korea) and Japan is on basis of WHO-TEQ including PCDDs/DFs and coPCBs, while those of other countries based on I-TEQ of PCDDs/DFs alone. Population and area of each country were quoted from Wikipedia website. 

Figure 19.3 shows the contribution of different parts of analytical procedures to the whole uncertainty budget and the duration of analysis. The information used for preparing these diagrams was collected in a questionnaire sent to over 250 respondents (analytical laboratories in Central European countries). 

Tables 3.5 and 3.6 show that US consumption of nitrogen products has been flat to growing slightly since the mid-1990 s. It should be noted that ammonia consumption in the United States decreased by 1 percent per year from 1996 to 2001. However US ammonia consumption was forecast to increase by 2 percent per year from 2003 through 2005223. To maintain the US ammonia supply at the level that is needed to satisfy consumers, ammonia imports have increased whenever the operating rate declines (as shown in Figure 3.18). Therefore ammonia imports to the USA increase whenever natural gas prices increase (see Figure 3.19). Western and Central European countries experience similar dynamics in their ammonia markets.

Average expected life at birth was worse in 1995 than in 1970 (65.3 and 66.3 years respectively for males and 74.5 and 72.1 years for females). These data are among the worst in Europe (neighboring Central European countries included). As for the main causes of death, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are responsible for more than 70 percent (72.1 and 32.5 deaths respectively per 10,000 inhabitants), followed by respiratory tract (11.6) and gastrointestinal tract diseases (11.2) and accidents (7.7) deaths per 10,000 inhabitants in 1995 (Sedwick Noble Lowndes Ltd. 1996). 

Paal, T. L. 1996b. An Updated Situation of the Current Compliance within Hungary and Other Eastern and Central European Countries. In Good Research Practices, edited by N. Dent. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 788-420. 

Russia has an active program on sunflower research. Krasnodar s agricultural program is similar to that of Texas A M University. Several Central European countries (formerly known as the Eastern Block) have significant knowledge to offer as well but lack adequate resources to provide any useful technical assistance to growers or processors in the region. 

To reach relatively homogeneous groups of countries, SAFEFOODNET seminars will be addressed to four well-defined areas, that is Baltic Countries, Central European Countries, Southern European Countries and islands (Malta and Cyprus). 

Central European Countries (CEC) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)... 

Of the various emissions of nitrogen compounds which enter into the atmosphere, the oxides N2O, NO, NO2, and NH3, NH, NOJ are the most important species. Natural sources considerably exceed the sources from anthropogenic activity. Global emissions from natural sources are summarized in Table 5.13 [26] amounts originating during the combustion processes may be found in Table 5.14 [26]. For an estimate of emissions from central European countries, Yugoslavia, Roumania and USSR in 1980 see Table 5.15. 

Table 6.15. The estimate of NOx emissions from central European countries, Yugoslavia, Roumania and USSR on the basis of the fuel consumption or consumption of energy in thousands t NOi in 1980 according to [45] and [46]...

Summary and evaluation of data from Central European countries... 

In general, the information about the environmental pollution and human exposure to cadmium in the Central European countries is very limited. 

In the Central European countries, the main sources of the environmental pollution and human exposure to lead are the exhaust of vehicles using leaded gasoline, industrial processes that utilize lead and lead compounds (ferrous and non-ferrous metal smelting and processing, and battery manufacturing and dismantling), and combustion sources. 

Liliana Andonova (Chapter 8) shows how the European Union (EU) approach to sulfur dioxide abatement was successfully applied in eastern and central European countries that were required to comply with EU environmental regulations before applying for membership in the European Union. Early compliance with emissions limits resulted from a severe economic downturn during the transition from a communist to a free market economy, but some countries have been able to control sulfur dioxide levels even as they build a new industrial economy. 

As was mentioned earlier, honeydew honey can be used as an indicator of pollution over a very long time. Honey is a stable product, lasting for decades or even hundreds of years, if properly stored. By measuring in archived samples of collected honey, it was thought it would be possible to retrospectively detect radioactive contamination events. Numerous honey samples that had been collected and kept by beekeepers over a period from 1952 to 1995 were found for locations in Central European countries located between the North sea and the Adriatic sea (Austria, Germany, and Slovenia). Analysis of these honey samples detected Cs activities, which were corrected for radioactive decay and recalculated on July 1 of each year of the sample s collection. The Cs determination in Austrian spruce honeydew honey samples collected in the Alps region from 1952 to 1994 (mainly in a circle of radius 30 km around Lunz am See)... 

Whatever some recalcitrant politicians may think, Europe, in the pharmaceutical development sense, is becoming very much a federal system. The EU, consisting of some 15 member states, lays down through directives, decisions, rules and regulations, a basic framework for the conduct of drug development in its member states. However, each of the member states overlays its own special set of laws, which make each country a special case. In addition, other European countries, not EU members, have adopted and adapted the EU system to fit in with their own cultural and political needs. Those Central European countries shortlisted for EU membership have made great strides towards adopting EU practices, but still retain their local idiosyncrasies. 

As in other Central European countries, 1989 was an important date for higher education in the Czech Republic. Petr Mateju and Natalie Simonova (Czech sociologists from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) have commented on the 1990-2000 period as follows ... 

Extract of oak moss. Extract made mainly from Evernia prunastri (oak moss) and Pseudevernia furfuracea (tree moss). Oak moss concrete is prepared by hydrocarbon solvent extraction of the lichen Evernia PrunastrU collected mainly from oak trees in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Corsica, Morocco, Hungary, and various central European countries. Contains atranorin, evernic acid and usnic acid Synonyms oak moss-resinoid oil Mousse concrete oak moss oak moss extra resinoid colourless MD oak moss LA oakmoss oil oak moss resin oak moss resinoid diethyl phthalate codistillate Evernia furfuraceae spp. absolute tree moss absolute Mousse d arbre absolute Evernia spp. absolute Mousse de chene absolute Evernia furfuraceae spp. concrete Mousse d arbre concrete tree moss concrete Evernia prunasti spp. concrete Evernia prunasti spp. oil Evernia prunasti spp. resin Uses fragrance in many perfume mixtures, after-shave lotions etc. (hay new-mown hay animal fern green). PA... 

Since 1953 the European Federation of Chemical Engineering has promoted scientific collaboration and supported the work of engineers and scientists in 28 European countries. Moreover, from the very beginning Eastern and Central European countries were included. It has promoted PI activities within the sector. 

The electric excavator has the advantages of requiring fewer repairs and offering higher operational readiness than the diesel excavator. The latter is, however, more suitable under conditions where it has to travel fairly frequently from one working position to another. Diesel excavators are manufactured chiefly in the smaller size range. From about 2.5 m bucket capacity upwards, electrically powered excavators are usually employed in the Central European countries. 

Raw kohlrabi may hie sliced and added to relish trays and salads. The vegetable is usually cooked by steaming, although the people in the Central European countries may stuff and bake it after scooping out some of the center. Cooked kohlrabi is enhanced by a well-seasoned cheese sauce or cream sauce. 

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