Gastrointestinal tract disease

Since hepatobiliary and intestinal dysfunctions are marked by variation in the concentration and relative proportions of major BAs and by increased levels of their minor forms, individual identification and accurate quantification of these compounds in biological samples are very important prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic monitoring indicators of liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases in humans. 

Tee W, Lambert JR, Dwyer B (1995) Cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori from patients with upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. J Clin Microbiol 33 1203-1205... 

In addition, the buccal route may be useful for unconscious patients and in patients who have recently undergone surgery or have experienced upper gastrointestinal tract disease that would affect oral drug absorption. 

Corley K T T, Marr C M 1998 Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education 10 255-265 Costa L R R, Eades S E, Tulley R T et al 1999 Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13 274... 

Average expected life at birth was worse in 1995 than in 1970 (65.3 and 66.3 years respectively for males and 74.5 and 72.1 years for females). These data are among the worst in Europe (neighboring Central European countries included). As for the main causes of death, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are responsible for more than 70 percent (72.1 and 32.5 deaths respectively per 10,000 inhabitants), followed by respiratory tract (11.6) and gastrointestinal tract diseases (11.2) and accidents (7.7) deaths per 10,000 inhabitants in 1995 (Sedwick Noble Lowndes Ltd. 1996). 

Rapaccini GL, Sabelli C, Caturelli E et al (1986) Real-time ultrasound as screening procedure in gastrointestinal tract disease. Ital J Gastroenterol 18 85-87... 

Traditional use A decoction of the petals, leaves, branches and roots is used to treat rheumatism, radiculitis, and stomach and heart ailments (Poludenny and Zhuravlev 2000). Decoction or tea of the fruits is used to treat scurvy, common colds, and as a diuretic. A decoction of the roots is used to treat liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases (Khalmatov et al. 1984 Khodzhimatov 1989). A decoction and infusion of the fruits is taken as an astringent (particularly for regular and bloody diarrhea), to treat fevers, intestinal infections, as a hemostatic for uterine bleeding, to improve the metabolism, and as a mouth wash for gum disease. The seeds are used as a diuretic and to treat kidney diseases. The powdered leaves are used to treat wounds and skin ulcers (Khalmatov et al. 1984). 

A study of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and other markers of upper gastrointestinal tract disease in patients with rosacea. Am J Gastroenterol 93 220-222... 

Fox JG, Lee A (1997) Role of Helicobacter species in newly recognized gastrointestinal tract disease of animals. Lab Animal Science 47 222-255... 

Synthesis. Histamine [51-45-6] 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylarnine (1) is formed by decarboxylation of histidine by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase (Fig. 1). Most histamine is stored preformed in cytoplasmic granules of mast cells and basophils. In humans mast cells are found in the loose connective tissue of all organs, especially around blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. These cells are most abundant in the organs expressing allergic diseases the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. 

Hematologic diseases autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pernicous anemia Kidney disease Goodpasture syndrom, lipoid nephroses, minimal change glomerulonephritis Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis... 

On the pathophysiological side, hyperactive nNOS has been implicated in A/-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated neuronal death in cerebrovascular-stroke. Some disturbances of smooth muscle tone within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease) may also be related to an overproduction of NO by nNOS in peripheral nitrergic nerves. 

PARs are coupled to multiple G-proteins and mediate a number of well-defined cellular responses via classical second messenger and kinase pathways. PARs are differentially expressed in cells of the vasculature as well in the brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin as well as other highly vascularised tissues and evidence suggests distinct physiological functions and roles in disease states [2]. 

These dragp are used with caution in patients with tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, those with a tendency toward urinary retention, those with decreased liver or kidney function, and those with obstructive disease of the urinary system or gastrointestinal tract. The anticholinergic drugp are given with caution to the older adult. 

Mastocytosis is a disorder characterized by increased numbers of mast cells in the skin, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, Uver, spleen, and lymph nodes [9,10]. The prevalence is unknown the incidence has been roughly estimated to be 3-7 new patients per million per year [9]. Most cases are sporadic with only a limited number (50-100) of cases with mastocytosis reported to pass from generation to generation [11], Mastocytosis presents at any age, although most cases occur during the first 2 years of life (childhood-onset) or after puberty (adult-onset) [9]. Mastocytosis in childhood often is self-limited and involves only the skin, whereas the course in patients with adult-onset disease is normally chronic and includes systemic involvement. 

CR is distributed in various organs with highest concentrations in skeletal muscle, myocardium, and brain and lesser amounts in the gastrointestinal tract, uterus, urinary bladder, and kidney ( ). The CR content of liver and red blood cells is negligible so that diseases of these tissues are unlikely to increase the serum CR activity. The serum CR level begins to increase in 2-4 hours after myocardial infarction and reaches a peak in 24-36 hours and returns to normal in about 3 days. 

Humoral antibodies of the IgG elass are able to eross the placenta flxm mother to fetus. These antibodies will provide passive proteetion of the new-born against those diseases which involve humoral immunity and to which the mother is immune. In this fashion, new-born infants in the UK have passive proteetion against tetanus but not against tuberculosis which requires cell-mediated immunity. Seeretory antibodies are also passed to the new-born together with the first deliveries of breast milk (colostrum). Such antibodies provide some passive protection against infections of the gastrointestinal tract. 

O Inflammatory bowel disease includes both ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease and is associated with inflammation of various areas of the gastrointestinal tract. 

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that interferes with the normal functions of the colon. At various points in the past, IBS has been referred to as mucous colitis, spastic colon, irritable colon, or nervous stomach. IBS is generally described as afunctional disorder rather than a disease per se. A functional disorder involves symptoms that cannot be attributed to a specific injury, infection, or other physical problem. A functional disorder occurs because of altered physiologic processes rather than structural or biochemical defects and may be subject to nervous system influence. IBS is associated with frequent fluctuation in symptoms, loss of productivity, and decreased quality of life. Although IBS has been referred to as functional bowel disease, true functional bowel disease may be more indicative of widespread gastrointestinal involvement including (but not limited to) the colon. 

New routes of administration transmucosal specific regional uptake in gastrointestinal tract New pattern of drug release bolus/flrst order/pulsatile feedback control disease-related release of drug... 

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