Long-term supply

Because much of the world lacks the natural gas resources and transportation pipelines of the United States, remote natural gas must be liquefied and transported by ship. Gas-rich countries want to capture stranded gas by liquefying and shipping it to gas-poor regions as LNG. The gas-poor countries enter into contracts so that a long-term supply is available to warrant the investment in the electricity-generating infrastructure. The overall investment is enormous, not only in the liquefaction plant, but in the refrigerated tankers and the regasification plant at the deliveiy site. 

Because of the massive "unconventional" reserves of liquid hydrocarbons afforded by oil sand bitumens and heavy oils, Canadian interests in coal conversion are generally more likely to centre on gasification than on liquefaction, and to focus on long-term supply of fuel gas (which could in many cases be substituted for oil where coal can not, and thereby reduce projected oil supply shortfalls). 

This paper touches on the chemistry of coal gasification and liquefaction comments on the current status of conversion processes and the influence of coal properties on coal performance in such processes and examines the contributions which coal conversion could make towards attainment of Canadian energy self-sufficiency. Particular attention is directed to a possible role for the medium-btu gas in long-term supply of fuel gas to residential and industrial consumers to linkages between partial conversion and thermal generation of electric energy and to coproduction of certain petrochemicals, fuel gas and liquid hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. 

Since the bottleneck on the clinical trial for taxol was in the supply, the NCI turned in 1989 to industrial partners, and issued a request for a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, and selected Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) in 1991 as the partner in taxol development. BMS would take responsibility for the short-term supply of taxol, and NCI would sponsor research to deal with long-term supply. BMS collected 750,000 lbs of dried T. brevifolia bark from 38,000 trees during the 1991 growing season, sufficient to yield 25 kg of pure taxol to treat about 12,000 cancer patients. Hauser Chemical Research of Boulder, Colorado, was overseeing collection of yew bark and processing of the bark to extract taxol. BMS prepared the final dosage formulation and delivered it to the NCI for use in clinical studies. 

The global cocaine market is largely stable in terms of both supply and demand. Supply stability has been achieved only through intensive eradication efforts, especially in Colombia. The area under coca cultivation fell by 29 per cent between 2000-2006, including a 52 per cent reduction in the area under coca cultivation in Colombia. The areas under coca cultivation in Peru and Bolivia increased over this period but remained significantly below the levels reported a decade earlier, reflecting long-term supply reduction. 

While estimating the Caspian gas prospects, the probable impact of the Russian gas sector should be taken into consideration. Also the Russian influence of the markets in the East and Central European Countries, Balkan, Turkey and South Caucasus should be taken into consideration. This includes long-term supply contracts and sometimes equity and management stakes in major supply entities. Currently Russia exports roughly 130 bcm/y of natural gas to Europe and 60-70 bcm to Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic and South Caucasian States. 

The signing of a long-term supply contract on the delivery of increased volumes of gas with Gazprom does not comply with the Georgian liberalization strategy for the energy market. 

In West Germany, rationalization measures were less spectacular because the heads of Germany s leading chemical companies had not waited for the crisis to delineate their respective fields of operation and to establish close links with international oil companies, either through long-term supply contracts or through parity associations. 

Brown H. and Silver L. T. (1955) The possibility of obtaining long-term supplies of uranium, thorium, and other substances of uranium from igneous rocks. In Proceedings of Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, Geneva, IAEA, pp. 91-95. 

Is the contractor willing and able to enter into long-term supply agreements ... 

Challenges Facing Long Term Supply Options... 

For many countries, the long-term supply of automotive fuels could well depend on the ability to produce them from resources other than crude oil. 

Straight scalability Long-term supply issues, for example, financial stability... 

The price of biomass is critical in determining its potential. Because of lack of demand, current spot prices are often low. The price of a large quantity of wood (a thousand or more tons/day) for the life of a plant (decades) is not low. Katzen in 1975 (7) assumed that a large quantity of wood will have a minimum value of 24/ton (dry basis) set by its fuel equivalent, and the additional cost of assuring long-term supply would raise this to 36/ton. The cost of wood, together with labor and capital costs, will of course rise as the cost of petroleum rises. 

Mill residue is a source of wood waste which can be derived from the wood products industry. Depending on the efficiency of a mill, up to fifty percent of the incoming material can become waste material in the form of bark, sawdust, cut slabs, etc. (4). This residue is an excellent source of fuel however, for a long-term supply, it may dwindle as more emphasis is placed on utilizing it for "in-house" energy uses by the wood products industries. 

Kifle D, Sverdrup H, Koca D, Wibetoe G (2013) A simple assessment of the global long term supply of the rare earth elements by using a system dynamics model. Environ Nat Resour Res 3... 

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