Cellulose fiber reinforced poly

Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Composites... 

Graupner, N. (2009). Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Hemp Fiber Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Composites by the Admixture of Man-made Cellulose Fibers. Journal of Composite Materials 43(6), 689-702. 

Fluorinated ethylene-propylene resin Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene- chlorotrifluoro- ethylene copolymer Cellulose- filled Glass-fiber- reinforced... 

Pioneering research by Favier used crystallites derived from tunicates as cellulosic reinforcement in poly[styrene-co-butyl acrylate] films and concluded that hydrogen bonding between the tunicate crystallites caused their percolation through the polymer matrix, resulting in the enhanced mechanical properties observed, in the same way that the high strength of a paper sheet results from cellulose fiber percolation [13]. 

In the present chapter, rayon and other man-made cellulose fibers wUl be introduced in terms of properties and stracture. The compounding method to obtain the composites will be described briefly. PP-rayon composites will be considered in more detail as the practically most relevant class of this type of material at present arousing interest from the automotive industry. In another section rayon composites with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) will be studied as a promising bio-based and biodegradable alternative to conventional materials in durable applications, transport, and automotive industry. Finally, some concluding remarks will be given concerning future prospects of rayon reinforced thermoplastics and the problems to be tackled in future work. 

Extrusion and impregnation, electrospinning, and multilayer films are other processes applicable for reinforced nanocomposites. Thus, preparation of cellulose whiskers reinforced with polylactic acid nanocomposites (by melt extrusion carried out by pumping the suspension of nanocrystals into the polymer melt during the extrusion process), using polyvinyl alcohol as a compatibilizer for the dispersion of cellulose whiskers within the polylactic acid matrix, was reported (de Menezes et al. 2009) bacterial cellulose whiskers incorporated into poly(oxyethylene) nanofibers by electrospinn to enhance the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers (Peresin et al. 2010) or the use of the layer-by-layer assembly technique, which maximizes the interaction between cellulose whiskers and a polar polymeric matrix (Bruno et al. 2009 Aulin et al. 2010), are some examples of nanocomposites reinforced by the last three methods. 

In order to develop composites with better mechanical properties and environmental performance, it becomes necessary to increase the hydrophobicity of the biofibers and to improve the interface between matrix and biofibers. Graft copolymerization of biofibers is one of the best methods to attain these improvements. As of now, only few studies have reported the use of biofiber graft copolymers as reinforcing material in the preparation of composites [33], Mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites reinforced with acrylate-gro/led henequen cellulose fibers were studied. It has been found that best results could be obtained with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted cellulose fibers because of better fiber-matrix adhesion. The modulus of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites is increased when grafted or ungrafted cellulose are used as reinforcement but the composites with... 

Han, S. 0., et al. (2008). Electrospinning of ultrafine cellulose fibers and fabrication of poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites reinforced by them. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 107(3), 1954-1959. 

Bledzki,A.,Gassan, J. Composites reinforced with cellulose-based fibers. in Poly. Sci. 1999, 24, 221-274. 

L.A. Goettler. The extrusion and performance of plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) hose reinforced with short cellulose fibers. Polym. Compos., 4 (4), 249-255, 1983. 

The First plastic sabots were made of glass-fiber filled diallylphthalate sheathed in nylon and they included metal reinforcements whenever it was felt necessary to redistribute the stresses. The nylon sheath was necessitated by the abrasive nature of glass-filled materials. Nylon also is used for rotating bands on projectiles and on metal sabots. Other plastics used for the structural portions of sabots include poly propylenes, polycarbonates, celluloses, epoxies and phenolics. Polyethylene, neoprene, and silicone rubbers are used for seals and obturators... 

Transparency. Some applications of plastics require transparency. Amorphous plastics should be able to transmit light. Some factors which prevent transparency include unsatura-tion/light absorption, crystallinity, fillers and reinforcing fibers, and use of rubber particles to increase impact strength. The plastics most often used for their transparency are poly(4-methylpentene-l) (TPX), poly(methyl methacrylate) (almost equal to glass), cellulose acetate, propionate, and butyrate, polycarbonate, and polysulfones (slightly yellow). As a research challenge, it is quite possible that fillers and rubber particles could... 

Dong, H., Strawhecker, KE., Snyder, J.F., Orlicki, J.A., Reiner, R.S., Rudie, A.W. Cellulose nanocrystals as a reinforcing material for electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) fibers formation, properties and nanomechanical characterization. Carbohydr. Polym. 87, 2488-2495 (2012)... 

Electrospinning processes are used to prepare nanocomposite fiber mats. In order to prepare nanocomposite fiber mats, mixtures containing the polymer solution and cellulose whiskers solution are placed in the appropriated electrospinning setup. Peresin et al. [128] have produced nanocomposite mats of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals using this electrospinning technique. Smooth nonwoven mats with homogeneous nanofibers were obtained. Park et al. [129] have also incorporated cellulose whiskers into nanofibers of polyethylene oxide (PEO) by the electrospiiming process. 

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