Research challenges

Aromatic radical anions, such as lithium naphthalene or sodium naphthalene, are efficient difunctional initiators (eqs. 6,7) (3,20,64). However, the necessity of using polar solvents for their formation and use limits their utility for diene polymerization, since the unique abiUty of lithium to provide high 1,4-polydiene microstmcture is lost in polar media (1,33,34,57,63,64). Consequentiy, a significant research challenge has been to discover a hydrocarbon-soluble dilithium initiator which would initiate the polymerization of styrene and diene monomers to form monomodal a, CO-dianionic polymers at rates which are faster or comparable to the rates of polymerization, ie, to form narrow molecular weight distribution polymers (61,65,66). 

A third research challenge that is generic to electronic, photonic, and recording materials and devices stems from the need for starting materials that meet purity levels once thought to be imattainable. 

How can chemical engineering departments implement this broader curriculum as well as aggressively respond to new research challenges and opportunities A bold step is needed. The committee recommends that universities conduct a one-time expansion of chemical engineering departments over the next 5 years, exercising a preference for new faculty capable of research at interdisciplinaiy frontiers. 

These environmental issues, created a dire need for the development of green polymeric materials, which would not involve the use of toxic and noxious component in their manufacture and could be degradable in nature. For these reasons, through the world today, the development of biodegradable materials with controlled properties has been a subject of great research challenge for the community of material scientists and engineers. 

As a result of the deterioration of film properties with increasing power levels, to obtain device quality material the use of low power is required, albeit with a concomitant low deposition rate. Increasing the deposition rate without altering the device quality material properties is a large research challenge. 

Lu AY. Drug-metabolism research challenges in the new millennium individual variability in dmg therapy and drug safety. Drug Metab Dispos 1998 26[12] 1217 1222. 

For many years it was believed that adult stem cell populations were present in a very limited number of tissue types, and that they could only differentiate into cells characteristic of the tissue in which they reside. Recent research challenges both of these assertions. Adult stem cells are being discovered in a growing number of tissues, including bone marrow, peripheral blood and... 

Hackett, C.J., Innate immune activation as a broad-spectrum biodefense strategy prospects and research challenges, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 112, 686, 2003. 

Figure 3.2 Summary of hydrogen production routes from biomass. (Source Milne, T.A. et al. Hydrogen from Biomass State of the Art and Research Challenges, NREL, IEA/H2/TR-02/001).

However, there are many challenges to exploiting direct conversion of solar energy into electricity and/or chemical fuels. For a comprehensive review of the basic research challenges in the photovoltaic conversion of solar energy see Refs. [2, 3, 9]. 

Research Challenges Critical to Policy Development and Regulation.522... 

Milne, T.A., Elam, C.C., Evans, R.J. 2002. Hydrogen from biomass state of the art and research challenges 1-82. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. 

Abernethy, DR. Research challenges, new drug development, prechnical and clinical trials in the ageing population. Drug Safety 1990 5 71. ... 

The third grand challenge, situational awareness, poses the most numerons research challenges for chemists and chemical engineers. The science of sensing and detecting involves a wide variety of technologies and requires expertise in many different fields. 

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