Cellulose reinforced

The cellulosic-reinforced composite materials (i.e., synthetic wood) are suitable for a wide range of applications including [62] (A. U. Ferrari, Mobil Chemical Comp., personal communication, 1994) ... 

Solubility Behaviour of Cellulose-Reinforced Starch-PVA Blends with Insertion of Fly-Ash... 

In the homogenous mixture of Starch and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 30 % of plasticizer was mixed to make Pure blend. Then 10 % cellulose was mixed into above mixture followed by removal of extra water gave Cellulose-Reinforced starch-PVA blends. The different proportions of Fly ash were mixed into mixture of Cellulose-Reinforced starch-PVA blends to get various fly ash inserted Cellulose-Reinforced starch-PVA blends. Solubility, swelling behaviour and water absorption studies of Fly ash blends were measured at different time intervals at relative humidity of 50-55%. The insertion of Cellulose into starch-PVA blend decreases the solubility of blends due to the hydrophobicity of cellulose, but the solubility further increases by insertion of Fly ash into starch-PVA matrix that indicating the mechanical stability enhancement of blends. The water absorption behaviour of fly ash blends increases rapidly upto 150 min and then no change. The optimum concentration of Fly ash into Cellulose-Reinforced starch-PVA blend was 4%. 

It is almost paradoxical that in the history of mankind composite materials were earlier used than their "homogeneous" rivals. The earliest "engineering materials" were bone, wood and clay. Wood is a composite of matrix lignin and a cellulosic reinforcement bone is a natural composite where fibres of hydroxyapatite reinforce the collagen matrix and the oldest building material was adobe clay as a matrix, reinforced by vegetable fibres. After the industrial revolution other composites were added reinforced rubber, reinforced concrete, reinforced asphalt, etc. 

Figure 10.14. The thickness of transcrystalline layer versus time at different melt temperatures in cellulose reinforced PP. [Adapted, by permission, from Gatenhom P, Hedenberg P, Karlsson J, Fehx J, Antec 96. Volume II. Conference proceedings, Indianapohs, 5th-10th May 1996, 2302-4.]...

Mathew AP, Oksman K, Sain M (2006) The effect of morphology and chemical characteristics of cellulose reinforcements on the crystallinity of polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 101 300-310... 

The prepolymers are soluble in common solvents (e.g. ethanol), to give varnishes, or may be emulsified to impregnate cellulosic reinforcement, to give a composite. The crosslinking... 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,359 [109] (by Crane Plastics Company, TimbeiTech) discloses a cellulosic fiber-polymeric composite comprising mixing a cellulosic material, such as wood fiber, with a plastic material, such as HDPE, LDPE, PVC, chlorinated PVC, polypropylene, EVA, ABS, and polystyrene, to form a cellulosic reinforced plastic composite. 

Cellulose-polyolefin composite pellets, 89 Cellulosic reinforced plastic composite, 89 Center point load, or concentrated load (3-pt load), 244, 252, 264 CertainTeed Corporation, 58, 79, 90 Cesa-mix 8468, 174 Cesa-mix 8611, 174 Chain breaking antioxidants, 526 Chain reaction, 526 Charpy impact resistance, 73 Chemark UV-234, 535 Chemark UV-326, 535 Chemical composition of fillers, 125, 133-154... 

FM. [IQ Fiberite] Phenolic resins with fabric, glass, or cellulose reinforcements molding compds. 

A survey of several native celluloses reinforced the similarity of the higher plant celluloses to one another, although limits of resolution and questions of chemical purity in the cellulose chains make comparison difficult and less meaningful. A parallel survey of NMR spectra from the more chemically pure algal celluloses and the bacterial cellulose, Acetobacter xylinum, indicated a general uniformity, albeit these spectra were distinct from the spectra of the higher plant celluloses. These algal cellulose spectra, however, showed small variations, outside of experimental error, which were taken as evidence for crystalline polymorphy. 

Composites utilizing cellulose fibers have been prepared with many different materials, especially polymers. It has been well demonstrated that these fibers help to alter and in general enhance the physical properties of polymeric composites [140, 149-157]. Additionally, their bio-degradability and biocompatibility enables cellulose-reinforced materials to be suitable for bio-scaffolding in medical applications, if the polymeric component is also biocompatible [140, 158]. Some surface modifications have been performed on cellulose to add selected characteristics, such as antimicrobial properties to polymeric matrixes [140,159]. 

Pioneering research by Favier used crystallites derived from tunicates as cellulosic reinforcement in poly[styrene-co-butyl acrylate] films and concluded that hydrogen bonding between the tunicate crystallites caused their percolation through the polymer matrix, resulting in the enhanced mechanical properties observed, in the same way that the high strength of a paper sheet results from cellulose fiber percolation [13]. 

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of cellulose reinforced composites is an important parameter which influences different properties of the resulting composite such as mechanical behavior, matrix chains dynamics and swelling behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are used to evaluate the Tg value of cellulose nanocomposites. In some cases, the addition of cellulose nanocrystals into polymer matrices does not seem to affect the... 

In this chapter we have reviewed some of the most important characteristics of cellulose and cellulose based blends, composites and nanocomposites. The intrinsic properties of cellulose such as its remarkable mechanical properties have promoted its use as a reinforcement material for different composites. It has been showed that cellulose is a material with a defined hierarchy that tends to form fibrillar elements such as elementary fibrils, micro fibrils, and macro fibers. Physical and chemical processes allow us to obtain different scale cellulose reinforcements. Macro fibers, such as lignocellulosic fibers of sisal, jute, cabuya, etc. are used for the production of composites, whereas nano-sized fibers, such as whiskers or bacterial cellulose fibers are used to produce nanocomposites. Given that cellulose can be used to obtain macro- and nano-reinforcements, it can be used as raw material for the production of several composites and nanocomposites with many different applications. The understanding of the characteristics and properties of cellulose is important for the development of novel composites and nanocomposites with new applications. 

Samir, M.A.S.A., Alloin, F., Paillet, M., Dufresne, A. Tangling effect in fibrillated cellulose reinforced nanocomposite. Macromolecules. 37, 4313-4316 (2004a)... 

M. Polliinen, M. Suvanto, T. Pakkanen, Cellulose reinforced high density polyethylene composites—Morphology, mechanical and thermal expansion properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 76, 21-28 (2013)... 

Cellulose reinforcing fibers are commonly manufactured from softwood logs. Use of cellulose libers in moldings results in a reduction of shrinkage during cure, and an improvement of impact strength. The products obtained are light colored materials. 

Gmnert M., Winter W.T., Progress in the development of cellulose-reinforced nanocomposites, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., 219,2000. 126-PMSE Part 2, MAR 26. 

Cymel Alpha cellulose-reinforced melamine-formaldehyde American Cyanamid... 

Suryanegara L, Nakagaito AN, Yano H et al (2009) The effect of crystallization of PLA on the thermal and mechanical properties of microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. Compos Sci Technol 69 1187-1192... 

Some of the largest of all known nanocelluloses are obtained from animals of the Subphylum Urochordata, commonly known as tunicates or sea squirts. The cellulose reinforces proteins in a protective tunic. Nanocellulose can be obtained by... 

Gousse C, Chanzy H, Excoffier G et al (2002) Stable suspensions of partially silylated cellulose whiskers dispersed in organic solvents. Polymer 43 2645-2651 Grande CJ, Torres EG, Gomez CM et al (2008) Morphological characterisation of bacterial cellulose-starch nanocomposites. Polym Polym Compos 16 181-185 Grunnert M, Winter WT (2000) Progress in the development of cellulose reinforced nanocomposites. Polym Mater Sci Eng 82 232-238... 

A. Dufresne, and M.N. Belgacem, Cellulose-reinforced Composites From Micro-to Nanoscale. Polimeros-Ciencia E Tecnologia 23(3), 277-286 (2013). 

C.A. Teaca, R. Bodirlau, and I. Spiridon, Effect of cellulose reinforcement on the properties of organic acid modified starch microparticles/plasticized starch bio-composite films. Carbohydr. Polym. 93, 307-315 (2013). 

Glass-reinforced products of the G-10 and G-11 types are of higher quality and have better mechanical properties than the other types listed in Table I. They are, therefore, the choice for insulation and mechanical supports in demanding applications, such as superconducting magnets. The less expensive cellulose-reinforced laminates, such as types C or LE, are used in less critical applications, where lower mechanical properties and larger property variability are acceptable. 

EDIBLE NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS BASED ON HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE REINFORCED WITH BACTERIAL CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS... 

Lin M-F, Thakur VK, Tan EJ, Lee PS (201 lb) Dopant induced hollow BaTi03 nanostructures for application in high performance capacitors. J Mater Chem 21 16500-16504 Maniar KK (2004) Polymeric nanocomposites a review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 43 427 143 Matsumoto T, Kawai M, Masuda T (1992) Influence of concentration and mannuronate/guluronate ratio on steady flow properties of alginate aqueous systems. Biorheology 29 411-417 Miao C, Hamad WY (2013) Cellulose reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites a critical review. Cellulose 20(5) 2221-2262... 

---