Cellulose-Based Starch Composites

High performance composite materials can be obtained with a good level of dispersion, mainly when the hierarchical structure of cellulose and use of a water soluble polymer to form the matrix are considered. For most materials applications, the main biopolymers of interest are cellixlose and starch. The ease of adhesion that occurs in cellulose has contributed to its use in paper and other fiber-based composite materials. 

1 Preparation of Starch Microparticles (StM) and Chemically Modified Starch Microparticles (CStM) 

A commercially corn starch (St) was used as the polymer continuous matrix of the composite films. Glycerol was used as plasticizer (30% amount based on starch). Organic 

3 Preparation of CMSt/St/cellulose Filler Composite Films 

The milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) is a tall plant containing a milky juice in all its parts, native to eastern parts of North America, and naturalized in various parts of Europe. It is a perennial plant that can adapt to adverse soil conditions (e.g., dry and 

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Cellulose-Based Starch Composites Structure and Properties 127... 

Cellulose-Based Starch Composites Structure and Properties 139 Table 7.3 Mechanical properties recorded for starch-cellulose composite films. 

Chapter 5 summarizes the investigation of lignocellulosic flax fiber-based reinforcement requirements to obtain structural and complex shape polymer composites. This chapter discusses in detail the possibility of forming complex shape structural composites which are highly desirable for advanced applications. Chapter 7 focuses on the structure and properties of cellulose-based starch polymer composites, while Chapter 8 focuses on the spectroscopic analysis of rice husk and wheat gluten husk-based polymer composites using computational chemistry. Chapter 9 summarizes the processing, characterization and properties of oil palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites. In this chapter, the use of oil palm as reinforcement in different polymer matrices such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, phenol formaldehyde, polystyrene, epoxy and LLDPE is discussed. Chapter 10 also focuses on... 

The aim of this paper is to present the different properties of polysaccharide composites obtained by the introduction of cellulose fibres, varying in length and content, into plasticized wheat starch. We have used LDPE-based composites as reference, because without compatibilizer, the LDPE-fibres interactions are usually considered as very poor. To highlight the interactions developed between cellulose and starch, we have compared both kinds of composites. Finally, we have evaluated the post-processing ageing of TPS compared to some other systems. 

Abstract The present chapter deals with a brief account on various types of natural polymers such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, casein, hemicellu-loses, alginates, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates etc. Blends, composites and nanocomposites based on these polymers have been very briefly discussed. Finally the applications, new challenges and opportunities of these biomaterials are also discussed. 

Fibers have been widely used in polymeric composites to improve mechanical properties. Cellulose is the major substance obtained from vegetable fibers, and applications for cellulose fiber-reinforced polymers have again come to the forefront with the focus on renewable raw materials. Hydrophilic cellulose fibers are very compatible with most natural polymers. The reinforcement of starch with ceUulose fibers is a perfect example of a polymer from renewable recourses (PFRR). The reinforcement of polymers using rigid fillers is another common method in the production and processing of polymeric composites. The interest in new nanoscale fillers has rapidly grown in the last two decades, since it was discovered that a nanostructure could be built from a polymer and layered nanoclay. This new nanocomposite showed dramatic improvement in mechanical properties with low filler content. Various starch-based nano-composites have been developed. 

NR composites and nanocomposites can be fabricated by three main techniques, namely latex compounding, solution mixing and melt blending. A variety of nanofillers, such as carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, graphene, calcium carbonate, organomodified clay, reclaimed rubber powder, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) powder, cellulose whiskers, starch nanocrystals, etc. have been used to reinforce NR composites and nanocomposites over the past two decades. In this chapter, we discuss the preparation and properties of NR composites and nanocomposites from the viewpoint of nanofillers. We divide nanofillers into four different types conventional fillers, natural fillers, metal or compound fillers and hybrid fillers, and the following discussion is based on this classification. 

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R. Bodirlau, C.A. Teaca, and I. Spiridon, Green composites comprising thermoplastic corn starch and various cellulose-based fillers. BioResources 9(1), 39-53 (2014). 

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Lee KY, Bharadia P, Blaker JJ, Bismarck A (2012c) Short sisal fibre reinforced bacterial cellulose polylactide nanocomposites using hairy sisal fibres as reinforcement. Compos A 43 2065-2074 Lei Y, Wu Q (2010) Wood plastic composites based on microfibrillar blends of high density polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate). Bioresour Technol 101 3665-3671 Liu D, Zhong T, Chang PR, Li K, Wu Q (2010) Starch composites reinforced by bamboo cellulosic crystals. Bioresour Technol 101 2529-2536 Liu H, Xie F, Yu L, Chen L, Li L (2009) Thermal processing of starch-based polymers. Prog Polym Sci 34 1348-1368... 

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