Composite film preparation

Wakayama H, Hall SR, Fukushima Y, Mann S (2006) CaCOi/biopolymcr composite films prepared using supercritical C02. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(10) 3332-3334... 

This chapter concerns composite films prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. These films consist of dielectric matrix containing metal or semiconductor (M/SC) nanoparticles. The structure of films is considered depending on their formation by deposition of M/SC onto dielectric substrates as well as by layer-by-layer or simultaneous deposition of M/SC and dielectric vapor. Data on mean size, size distribution, and arrangement of M/SC nanoparticles in so obtained different composite films are given and discussed in relation to M/SC nature and matrix properties. Some models of nucleation and growth of M/SC nanoparticles by the diffusion of M/SC atoms/molecules over a surface or in volume of dielectric matrix are proposed and analyzed in connection with experimental data. 

Fig. 11.2. The scheme of the setup for composite film preparation with separate sputtered targets and a multiple hearth electron-beam source (1) substrate holder (2) substrates (3) water-cooled copper crucibles (4) electron-beam guns.

Surface of gold electrodes was modified with thiol SAM and further reacted with PAMAM dendrimers by electrostatic interaction [148], Then, Prussian Blue (PB) was anchored on the surface of electrodes. The surface coverage of PB at acidic condition is improved on the dendrimer-modified electrodes as compared with that on naked electrodes. Moreover, the stability of electrodes at neutral pH increases on dendrimer-modified electrodes, while PB film is not formed on naked electrodes at the condition of neutral pH. It is suggested that, in the stable PB-dendrimer composite films prepared on thiolated gold electrode surfaces, the uptake of PB takes place inside the dendrimer and PB molecules retain their electrocatalytic properties for the electro-oxidation due to the permeability and hosting properties of dendrimer. 

Yuen et al. 2008 (43) MWCNT CVD CNT Company, Incheon, Korea As-received In situ method Ex situ method CNT Loading levels 0.25 to 4.76 wt% Film Bulk Film Bulk Electrical Conductivity Percolation threshold 0.25 wt% for in situ prepared composites Percolation threshold 0.74 wt% for ex situ prepared composites EMI SE (2-18 GHz) 32.06 dB at 2.18 GHz for bulk composite prepared by in situ method 58.73 dB at 14.84 GHz for 10 layers of stacked composite film prepared by in situ method Higher EMI shielding effectiveness of layered composite attributed to energy loss by multi-reflections in the layered composites... 

Figure 35. Photovoltammograms for NiHCF TiO composite films prepared by two variant routes (see Ref, [426]). The corresponding composite film architectures are shown schematically as insets.

Higuchi A, Iwata N, and Nakagava T. Electroconducting polyaniline composite films prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization at gas/liquid interface. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1990 41 1073-1086. 

Figure 3-18. Schematic diagram of Ni-YSZ composite film preparation...

Wu, R.L., Wang, X.L., Li, F., Li, H.Z., Wang, Y.Z. Green composite films prepared from cellulose, starch and lignin in room-temperature ionic liquid. Bioresource Technol. 100, 2569-2574, (2009)... 

Rao, M.S., Kanatt, S.R., Chawla, S.P., Sharme, A. Chitosan and guar gum composite films Preparation, physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 82, 1243— 1247 (2010)... 

Optical images (Figure la) of the composite film prepared by methylmethacrylate infiltration and subsequent polymerization, show that the films... 

Li, H., et al. 1997. Polypyrrole-carbon fiber composite film prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. J Appl Polym Sci 64 2149. 

Other researchers have used CNT/CHT nanocomposites with poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-modified CNT. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical peoperties of CNT/ CHT composite films prepared by solution-casting have potential applications as separation membranes and sensor electrodes. 

Ranjbar M, Mahdavi SM, Iraji zad A. Pulsed laser deposition of W-V-O composite films preparation, characterization and gasochromic studies. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 2008 92 878-83. 

M. Sain and S. Panthapulakkal, Chitosan-starch composite film Preparation and characterization. Ind. Crops. Prod. 21,185-192 (2005). 

The layer-by-layer structure of dithiol SAM and CdS monolayer was confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy at each step of composite-film preparation. Photocurrent measurements revealed that the mono-layers of CdS nanoparticles were immobilized without mutual aggregation of particles [36]. Cadmium selenide nanoparticles were prepared electrochemically on gold substrates modified with alkanethio-lated -cyclodextrin SAMs [37]. 

Byun, S. W., and Im, S. S., Transparent and conducting Nylon 6 based composite films prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization, Synth. Met., 55-57, 3501-3506 (1993). 

Ando M, Chabicovsky R, Haruta M (2001) Optical hydrogen sensitivity of noble metal-tungsten oxide composite films prepared by sputtering deposition. Sens Actuators B 76 13-17 Ando M, Kobayashi T, lijima S, Haruta M (2003) Optical CO sensitivity of Au-CuO composite film by use of the plasmon absorption change. Sens Actuators B 96 589-595... 

Sakata M, Kimura T, Goto T (2007) Ru-C nano-composite films prepared by PECVD as an electrode for an oxygen... 

The materials discussed in this section are polyaromatic polymer/anion composite films prepared electrochemically by the polymerization of the derivatives of pyrrole, aniline, thiophene, azulene and benzene. The films are normally used directly as grown on the metal substrate where they have good adhesion and electrical contact. The switching properties of these materials are described with more detail in the first section which describes polyaniline. However, it should be understood that these characteristics are generally common to all of the materials. 

Cinelli E, Chiellini E., Gordon S.H., Imam S.H. Characteristics and degradation of hybrid composite films prepared from PVA, starch and hgnocellulosics, A/acw/wo/. Symp. 197 (2003) 143. 

Chen D., Wang R., Tjiu W. W., and Liu T. High performance polyimide composite films prepared by homogeneity reinforcement of electrospun nanofibers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 71 no. 13 (2011) 1556-1562. 

Wang Z, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang N, Sun X, Ma Z (2014) The effects of ultrasonic/microwave assisted treatment on the water vapor barrier properties of soybean protein isolate-based oleic acid/stearic acid blend edible films. Food Hydrocolloids 35 51-58 Wihodo M, Moraru Cl (2013) Physical and chemical methods used to enhance the structure and mechanical properties of protein films a review. J Food Eng 114(3) 292-302 Woehl MA, Canestraro CD, Mikowski A, Sierakowski MR (2010) Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibers effect of enzymatic treatment on mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 80 866-873 Xu YX, Kim KM, Hanna MA, Nag D (2005) Chitosan-starch composite film preparation and characterization. Ind Crops Prod 21 185-192... 

Jiang, L., Y. Zhao, and J. Zhai (2004). A lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic surface a porous microsphere/nanofiber composite film prepared by electrohydrodynamics. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43(33) 4338-4341. 

Borges et al. [78] studied the tensile properties of crosslinked (with 1,4-butyl-diiso-cyanate) and uncrosslinked composite films prepared from isotropic solution of HPC with incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose fibers. The concentration of fibers in the composites ranged from 0 to 30 wt%. The mechanical parameters of isotropic composites were invariant regardless the direction of measurement. It has been shown that the inclusion of such fibers in the HPC matrix produce composites with superior mechanical properties, which can be improved by crosslinking. For uncrosslinked films it was observed that all mechanical parameters increase when the fiber content increases up to a maximum of 20 wt% (E = 314 50 MPa, a = 8.5 1.2 MPa e = 11.1 0.8 MPa vs. E = 109 11 MPa, o = 3.5 0.4 MPa e a = 5.2 0.5 MPa for neat... 

Anisotropy in mechanical properties was observed when MCC rods were used as reinforcing agent in an anisotropic HPC matrix [58]. Fernandes et al. [79] obtained similar results for composite films prepared by the incorporation of nanocrystaUine cellulose - NCC (aspect ratio = 1/d 20) in an HPC anisotropic matrix. Figures 8.6... 

Choi, Y. J., Park, H. H. (2011). Direct patterning of Sn02 composite films prepared with various contents of Pt nanoparticles by photochemical metal-organic deposition. Thin Solid Films, 519, 6214-6218. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.03.051. 

Electrooptical properties of composites made of TiC>2 coated with PT based on in situ UV-vis spectroscopy were reported by Rammelt et al. [1097]. Optical properties of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-sulfated poly(jS-hydroxyether) composite films prepared by electrochemical copolymerization were studied with in situ UV-vis spectroscopy by Yamato et al. [1098]. In the reduced state, a strong absorption around A = 600 nm, assigned to the 7T -) 77 transition, indicating a bandgap of A = 1.6 eV, was found. The actual position of the absorption maximum depended somewhat on the ratio of the components in the composite. The intensity of this band decreased upon oxidation. A fairly broad feature around A = 900-1000 nm appeared. 

Rao MS, Kanatt SR, Chawla SP, Sharma A (2010) Chitosan and gum gum composite films preparation, physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Carbohyd Polym 82(4) 1243-1247. doi 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.058... 

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