Cells in vivo

A gene gun is a device to introduce DNA into cells in vivo. The DNA is attached to gold particles, which are introduced under high velocity into the target tissue. 

SCF (recombinant product ancestim) is an early-acting hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of primitive hematopoietic and nonhema-topoietic cells [7]. In vitro, SCF has minimal effect on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic progenitor cells, but it synergistically increases the activity of other hematopoietic growth factors, such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, and EPO. SCF stimulates the generation of dendritic cells in vitro and mast cells in vivo. 

Figure 6, Polarized epithelial cells in culture. Epithelial cells in culture possess an apical surface with microvilli that faces the tissue culture medium (equivalent to the lumenal side of the cells in vivo), and a basolateral surface that faces the tissue culture dish (equivalent to the blood side of the cells in vivo).

Miller Scott (1985) reported marked reduction in thymus weight in rats fed dioctyltin dichloride for 8 or 12 weeks at a level of 75 mg/kg diet. Numbers of lymphocytes together with T cell subpopulations were reduced in treated rats, but no difference was seen in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in vivo. No evidence was foimd of in vitro cytocidal effects of dioctyltin dichloride on blood lymphocytes. Evans et al. (1986) dosed pregnant and non-pregnant rats for 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet and reported severe thymic atrophy and extensive vacuolation of reticuloendothelial cells in pregnant animals only. 

C. V, Douglas C.L., Jansen K., Lacy B.W., Cusack B., Richelson E. Specific gene blockade shows that peptide nucleic acids readily enter neuronal cells in vivo. FEBS Lett. 2000 421 280-284. 

RECORD I R, BROADBENT J L, KING R A, DREOSTI I E, HEAD R J, TONKIN A L (1997) Geuisteiu inhibits growth of B16 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro and promotes differentiation in vitro. In J Cancer 72 860-64. 

Hedrick JA, Saylor V, Figueroa D, et al. Lymphotactin is produced by NK cells and attracts both NK cells and T cells in vivo. J Immunol 1997 158 1533 40. 

Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Cacalano G, Hague NL, Bailish E, Moore MW. Involvement of Interleukin (IL) 8 receptor in negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cells in vivo evidence from mice lacking the murine IL-8 receptor homologue. 

Salcedo R, Wasserman K, Young HA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor induce expression of CXCR4 on human endothelial cells in vivo neovascularization induced by stromal-derived factor-1 alpha. Am J Pathol 1999 154(4) 1125-1135. 

Lucas AD, Chadwick N, Warren BF, et al. The transmembrane form of the CX3CL1 chemokine fractalkine is expressed predominantly by epithelial cells in vivo. Am J Pathol 2001 158 855-866. 

Kang BK, Lee EH, Kim HM. Inhibitory effects of Korean folk medicine Hi-Chum on histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 1997 57 73-79. 

Pulendran, B., Linggappa, J., Kennedy, M.K., Smith, J., Teepe, M., Rudensky, A., Maliszewski, C.R. and Maraskovsky, E. (1997) Developmental pathways of dendritic cells in vivo distinct function, phenotype, and localisation of dendritic cell subsets in FLT3 ligand-treated mice. Journal of Immunology 159,... 

Cells in vivo exist either attached to a surface or free in suspension. Adherent cell lines originate from cells of solid tissue. Breast carcinoma cell lines (such as MCF7, T47D, and SK-BR-3) are adherent cultures, and these cells are grown on the surface of plastic flasks that have been treated to facilitate adhesion (see Fig. 6.2). Suspension culture cell lines originate from cells that exist in suspension, such as those cells present in the blood and the lymphatic system (see Fig. 6.3). 

Chou Al, Akintoye SO, Nicoll SB (2009) Photo-crosslinked alginate hydrogels support enhanced matrix accumulation by nucleus pulposus cells in vivo. Osteoarthr Cartil 17(10) 1377-1384... 

Singhal, A., and Gupta, C.M. (1986) Antibody-mediated targeting of liposomes to red cells in vivo. FEES Lett. 201, 321. 

The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant is not compatible with the operation of a biocatalytic fuel cell in vivo, because of low levels of peroxide available, and the toxicity associated with this reactive oxygen species. In addition peroxide reduction cannot be used in a membraneless system as it could well be oxidized at the anode. Nevertheless, some elegant approaches to biocatalytic fuel cell electrode configuration have been demonstrated using peroxidases as the biocatalyst and will be briefly reviewed here. 

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