Carotene lycopene,

Comparative carotenoid intake across five European countries Aipha carotene Lycopene Lutein... 

Data concerning gastric cancer are scarce. The prospective Netherlands Cohort Study found no correlation between lutein dietary intake and gastric cancer risk, whereas findings from the Physicians Health Study and the ATBC study reported no effect of P-carotene on gastric cancer incidence. Two case-control studies and three intervention trials (ATBC, CARET, and the Physicians Health Study ) showed no association of P-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and P-cryptoxanthin. 

More than 600 carotenoids have been isolated from natural sources, but only about 60 have been detected in the human diet — about 20 in human blood and tissues. P-Carotene, a-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and P-cryptoxanthin are the five most prominent carotenoids present in the human body. 

Many countries have food composition databases but only a few present the compositions of some carotenoids. The U.S. Department of Agriculture s NCC Carotenoid Database covers 215 foods and cites levels of a-carotene, P-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein plus zeaxanthin, and also zeaxanthin in a more limited number of foods. An electronic version of this database is available at http //www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. 

Astaxanthin, capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, P-cryptoxanthin, echinenone, 15-cis-P-carotene, 13-cis- P-carotene, a-carotene, all-ircms P-carotene, 9-cis-P-carotene, 5-carotene, lycopene... 

IS-endo-bomeol, camphor, iodine, P-carotene, lycopene, cholesterol, lanosterol, and agnosterol [1048,1049]... 

The lag-phase measurement at 234 nm of the development of conjugated dienes on copper-stimulated LDL oxidation is used to define the oxidation resistance of different LDL samples (Esterbauer et al., 1992). During the lag phase, the antioxidants in LDL (vitamin E, carotenoids, ubiquinol-10) are consumed in a distinct sequence with a-tocopherol as the first followed by 7-tocopherol, thereafter the carotenoids cryptoxanthin, lycopene and finally /3-carotene. a-Tocopherol is the most prominent antioxidant of LDL (6.4 1.8 mol/mol LDL), whereas the concentration of the others 7-tocopherol, /3-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, zea-xanthin, lutein and phytofluene is only 1/10 to 1/300 of a-tocopherol. Since the tocopherols reside in the outer layer of the LDL molecule, protecting the monolayer of phospholipids and the carotenoids are in the inner core protecting the cholesterylesters, and the progression of oxidation is likely to occur from the aqueous interface inwards, it seems reasonable to assign to a-tocopherol the rank of the front-line antioxidant. In vivo, the LDL will also interact with the plasma water-soluble antioxidants in the circulation, not in the artery wall, as mentioned above. 

In another study of carotenoid accumulation, cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with a lipophilic extract from tomatoes solubilized in ethanol and injected into the culture medium for 24 h. The extract, containing 3-carotene, lycopene, and lutein at relative ratios of 23, 13, and 1, respectively, led to internalization of carotenoids at ratios of 9, 1.3, and 1, respectively (Chichili et al., 2006). These results indicate preferential accumulation of (3-carotene and lutein over lycopene in ARPE-19 cells. 

M. E. O Neill and D. I. Thumham, Intestinal absorption of beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein in men and women following a standard meal Response curves in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction, Br. J. Nutr. 79 (1998) 149-159. 

Carotenoids are a class of lipophilic compounds with a polyisoprenoid structure. Most carotenoids contain a series of conjugated double bonds, which are sensitive to oxidative modification and cis-trans isomerization. There are six major carotenoids (ji-carotenc, a-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) that can be routinely found in human plasma and tissues. Among them, p-carotene has been the most extensively studied. More recently, lycopene has attracted considerable attention due to its association with a decreased risk of certain chronic diseases, including cancers. Considerable efforts have been expended in order to identify its biological and physiochemical properties. Relative to P-carotene, lycopene has the same molecular mass and chemical formula, yet lycopene is an open-polyene chain lacking the P-ionone ring structure. While the metabolism of P-carotene has been extensively studied, the metabolism of lycopene remains poorly understood. 

In a recent study, the antiproliferative effect of different carotenoids, including (3-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on PCNA and cyclin Dl expression in human KB cells have been studied. The results indicate that carotenoids suppressed cell growth by acting as inhibitors of the expressions of PCNA and cyclin Dl, although in a different extent (Cheng et al., 2007). On the other hand, (3-carotene was able to induce a cell cycle delay in G2/M phase by decreasing the expression of cyclin A in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Palozza et al., 2002a). 

Of the acyclic carotenes, lycopene and -carotene are the most common. Lycopene is the principal pigment of some red-fleshed fruits and fruit vegetables, such as tomato, watermelon, red-fleshed papaya and guava, and red or pink grapefruit (see Table 7.3). -Carotene is more ubiquitous, but it is usually present at low levels except in Brazilian passion fruit (Mercadante and others 1998) and in carambola (Gross and others... 

Charoensiri R, Kongkachuichai R, Suknicom S and Sungpuag P. 2009. Beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol contents of selected Thai fruits. Food Chem 113 202—207. 

Tomato skin SC-CO2 0.5 0.05-0.25 n.i. phytoene, phytofluene, -carotene, (3-carotene, lycopene... 

Legally, carotenoids are divided between two E numbers. El60 covers the carotenoid hydrocarbons P-carotene, lycopene and paprika as well as the apo-carotenoids, e.g. bixin. E161 covers the xanthophylls and the carotenoids lutein, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. 

The transformations of compounds which are precursors for vitamin A and carotenoids have a special position among the rearrangements of the conjugated polyenes. Numerous isomerizations such as cw-fraws-isomerization, the dehydration of polyunsaturated acetylenic carbinols etc. were utilized to prepare the various carotenoides (e.g. /1-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin) (for reviews, see References 146 and 147). However, one of these rearrangements turned out to be a considerable hindrance for the synthesis of target products. 

Daucus carota L. subsp. sative Hoffm. Nan He Chi (Carrot) (whole plant) Carotenes, lycopene, phytofluere, umbelliferone, alpha-pinene, camphene, myrcene, daucol, alpha-phellandrene, bisabolene, luteolin-7-glucoside, daucine, pyrrolidine, geraniol, citronellol, carotol, citral, caryophyllene, p-cymene, asarone, daucosterol, petroselinic acid.48 For chronic dysentery, worms, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, lower blood sugar, prevent cancer, diabetes, dyspepsia and gout. 

The complete separation from I-carotene to violaxanthin requires 35 min. Figure F2.3.4 illustrates the separation of carotenoids in a mixed food extract using this LC system. The hydrocarbon carotenes ( -carotene, a-carotene, lycopene) elute together at the solvent front. The elution order is fi-cryptoxanthin, u-cryptoxanthin, lutein, cis-lutein, zeaxanthin, cis-zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin. 

Raw and cooked vegetables, salads, fruits Extract with MeOH, reextract with THF. Partition into petroleum ether and water. Vydac 201 TP54 C,s 5 /xm 250 X 4.6 mm MeOH/THF, 95 5 Lutein, zeaxanthin, /3-cry ptoxan thin, a-carotene, /3-carotene, lycopene Vis 445 nm 167... 

As shown, tomatoes contain solely carotenes - lycopene (95 % of the total carotenoid content) and (3-carotene (5 %). The good resolution and shape of the separation is due to the enhanced shape selectivity of C30 stationary phases in comparison to Cis phases [33,34], Furthermore, C30 phases have a higher loading capacity, and therefore are preferably suitable for LC-NMR experiments [35-37]. 

The human body stores a variety of carotenes (lycopene, a- and (3-carotenes), as well as xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) [38]. Besides the main naturally occurring all-E configuration, there also exist some Z-stereoi-somers of (3-carotene and lycopene in the human serum at remarkable levels, as shown in Table 5.2.2 [39,40]. 

Some common carotenoids found in nature are all-frans-P-carotene, lycopene, a-car-otene, P-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, 9-cis-P-carotene, and 15,15- s-phytoene. 

Awareness of lycopene as a potentially beneficial carotenoid in the nutritional and medical sciences is less than 10 years old. Therefore, comparatively few scientific data are available from animal and human studies. But in this short time, a number of features of lycopene have emerged that are unique among the common carotenoids, quite apart from its exceptionally high singlet oxygen quenching capacity in vitro. The most obvious distinction is that unlike the other hydrocarbon carotenoids, a- and P-carotene, lycopene has no provitamin A activity. 

Standard mixture P-carotene, lycopene, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin C-30 Acetone-H20- AgCI04 HPLC/UV-vis (450 nm)/MS/MS/ ESI(+) 0.5, 0.3 pmol for canthaxanthin and p-carotene 97... 

Plant-derived products Polyphenols (derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, flavonols,3 flavones,3 anthocyanidins,3 flavanols,3 isoflavones,3 flavanones,3 stilbenes, lignans), glucosynolates, carotenoids (am /3-, y-, 8-carotene, lycopene, luthein, xeaxantin, canthaxantin), phytic acid, allicin... 

The other type of antioxidant that has been studied extensively is /3-carotene. This is a peculiar type of antioxidant since it has a selectivity for the skin and it may be active even when the 02 tension is lower than 150 mmHg (34). This last condition is typical of tissues. However, at higher oxygen pressure it may become pro-oxidant, particularly at high concentrations. Although carotenoids are more than 600 most of the attention was devoted to /3-carotene, and only recently other carotenes such as a-carotene, lycopene, zeaxarrtin, and /3-cryptoxantin are emerging as active compounds. 

Some non-enzymatic antioxidants play a key role in these defense mechanisms. These are often vitamins (A, C, E, K), minerals (zinc, selenium), caretenoids, organosulfur compounds, allyl sulfide, indoles, antioxidant cofactors (coenzyme Qio)> and polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) [1,37]. Further, there is good evidence that bilirubin and uric acid can act as antioxidants to help neutralize certain free radicals [38]. Alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthine [39] can be considered subgroups of carotenoids [40] that are effective antioxidant compounds. 

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