Relative ratio

One way of rcprcsciitiiig such compounds is to characterize them by the components from which they were made, the relative ratios that were utilized, and the reaction conditions that were employed to make them. 

The intensity of the signals as measured by the area under each peak which tells us the relative ratios of the different kinds of protons... 

A sample of fabric was dated by measuring the relative ratio of C to C, with the result being 80.9% of that found in modern fibers. How old is the fabric ... 

Appreciable property differences appear between crude oils as a result of the variable ratios of the crude oil components. For a refiner dealing with crudes of different origins, a simple criterion may be established to group crudes with similar characteristics. Crude oils can be arbitrarily classified into three or four groups depending on the relative ratio of the hydrocarbon classes that predominates in the mixture. The following describes three types of crudes ... 

The relative ratios of the ethanolamines produced depend principally on the ethylene oxide/ammonia ratio. A low EO/NH3 ratio increases monoethanolamine yield. Increasing this ratio increases the yield of di-and triethanolamines. Table 7-1 shows the weight ratios of ethanolamines as a function of the mole ratios of the reactants. ... 

Acid precipitation, or acid rain, can causes significant impacts on freshwater, coastal, and forested ecosystems (e.g.. Likens et ai, 1996). Both NOi", from NO emissions, and SO from SO2 emissions contribute significantly to acid rain. The relative ratio of SO /NOf in precipitation will be substantially determined by the regional emissions of SO2/NO3. In developed countries, uncontrolled combustion of coal and high-sulfur fuel oil led to significant emissions of SO2, relative to NO Due to strict control of smokestack SO2 emissions in some regions and increasing NO emissions from automobiles, the relative contribution of NOi is expected to increase (Sirois, 1993 Mayewski et ai, 1990). 

Parameter k e is termed as the viscosity-to-elasticity ratio here, which labels the relative ratio of viscosity to elasticity. In the typical case of EHL, this value is strong enough to assure it pertinent to omit the elastic effect. But in the typical TFL case, its order of magnitude is close to one and the elasticity must be taken into account. 

Within a series of closely related polyanhydride copolymers, the relative ratios of the two monomers have a marked effect on the rate of degradation of the resulting polymer. An example is shown in Fig. 

The increase in the rate of case If is related with an increase in the relative ratio of the edge and corner atoms over the decreasing number of terrace atoms. This increase in reactivity relates to the increased degree of coordinative unsaturation of the edge and corner atoms. 

Figure 1.22 schematically summarizes the principle of the preferred transition states without sharing of a common metal atom. Whereas we have earher discussed surface sensitivity as a function of the relative ratio of particle surface edge sites and surface terrace atoms, the discussion given above provides a principle for particle size shape differences. 

Not all these polyether occur together in the same shellfish samples. OA was the major toxin in the mussel specimens from most of the European countries (42), while DTXl was the major toxin in mussel in Japan and in Sogndal, Norway (43). Scallops in Japan show the most complicated toxin profile. Furthermore, the relative ratio of the toxins varied regionally, seasonally, and annually. Pectenotoxins were detected, however, only in Japanese shellfish. Distribution of toxins is summarized in Table I. 

We have Investigated the structure of solids In the second chapter and the nature of point defects of the solid in the third chapter. We are now ready to describe how solids react. This will Include the mechanisms Involved when solids form by reaction from constituent compounds. We will also describe some methods of measurement and how one determines extent and rate of the soUd state reaction actually taking place. We will also show how the presence and/or formation of point defects affect reactivity In solid state reactions. They do so, but not In the memner that you might suspect. We will also show how solid state reactions progress, particularly those involving silicates where several different phases appear as a function of both time and relative ratios of reacting components. 

The only conclusion that we can draw is that diffusion-controlled solid state reactions tend to produce mixtures of compounds, the relative ratio of which is related to their thermod5rnamic stability at the reaction temperature. Obviously then, if we change the temperature of reaction, we would expect to see somewhat different mixtures of compounds produced. 

If a solid state reaction is diffusion-limited, if is unlikely that we can obtain 100% of any product, and will alwa obtain a mixture of compounds whose relative ratio will depend upon their thermod3mamic stability at the firing temperature. 

Zeohte Y modified with R-l,3-dithiane-1-oxide/ S-2-phenyl-l,3-dithianeoxide Total conversion of R- and S-butan-2-ol Relative ratio of preferential enantiomeric reaction of R- and S-butan-2-ol... 

They correspond to the cross-metathesis of propylene with the neopentyli-dene fragment (Scheme 18), and their relative ratio corresponds to a photograph of the active site as they are formed. Depending on how propylene will approach the carbene, it will generate different metallacyclobutanes, whose stabilities can direct the relative amounts of cross-metathesis (and selfmetathesis) products. This model is based on the following the favoured cross-metathesis product arises from the reaction pathway, in which [1,2]-interactions are avoided and [1,3]-interactions are minimized (here shown with both substituents in equatorial positions) [83]. 

The iridium complex 35 has been also used as catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of substituted nitroarenes [34]. Good to very good conversions were observed (2.5 mol%, in refluxing isopropanol, 12 h). A mixture of two products was obtained, the relative ratio of which depends on the concentration of added base (KOH) and catalyst. (Scheme 2.5)... 

Pt cuboctahedra and octahedra were also deposited on the silica substrate in an identical manner. These 2D model catalysts have the attributes of tunable particle density and the deposition of the different particles changes the relative ratio of exposed [100] and [11 1] surfaces. 

The results obtained with the ICAT labeling strategy are similar, in principle, to those obtained by in vivo labeling with stable isotopes in that the relative ratios of proteins from different samples are obtained (Fig. 3.2). The important difference between the methods is that the ICAT-labeling procedure is performed in vitro on protein lysates. Therefore, the ICAT-labeling strategy can be applied to samples that cannot be labeled in vivo. Because the ICAT-labeling method can be used with virtually any sample, it... 

When a benzene solution of 10 in the presence of methanol-dy was photolyzed under the same conditions, the products containing both CH3-0 and Si-H groups were again obtained. The IR spectrum of the product shows no absorption due to an Si-D stretching frequencies, indicating that no direct reaction of the photo-excited 10 with methanol is involved. The relative ratio of an Si-H to CH3-O... 

Irradiation of 11 in the presence of methanol for 1 h afforded the product with molecular weight of 2,000 which remained constant during further irradiation. IR and H NMR spectra show that the resulting products involve both CH3-0 and Si-H groups. The relative ratio of an Si-H and CH3-0 group to [Ph(Me)SiSi(Me)(Ph)CgH4ln is calculated as being 1 1.0-1.7 2.5-3.0(n). 

When similar photolysis of 11 in the presence of MeOD was carried out, again the product whose NMR reveals the resonance due to the Si-H proton was observed. The relative ratio of the Si-H and CH3-0 protons was identical with those of the products obtained in the presence of non-deuterated methanol. The formation of the methoxysilyl group can be understood by the addition of methanol across the silicon-carbon double bonds. H NMR spectra of all photoproducts obtained from the photolyses of 11 in the presence of methanol reveal no resonances attributed to the cyclohexadienyl ring protons. This indicates that the photochemical degradation of the polymer 11 gives no rearranged silene intermediates, but produces... 

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