Lycopenal

Hoskins L C 1984 Resonance Raman-spectroscopy of beta-carotene and lycopene—a physical-chemistry experiment J. Chem. Educ. 61 460-2... 

Many organic compounds such as lycopene are colored because their HOMO-LUMO energy gap is small enough that appears m the visible range of the spec trum All that is required for a compound to be colored however is that it possess some absorption m the visible range It often happens that a compound will have its k m the UV region but that the peak is broad and extends into the visible Absorption of the blue to violet components of visible light occurs and the compound appears yellow... 

Carotenoids are natural pigments characterized by a tail to tail linkage between two C20 units and an extended conjugated system of double bonds They are the most widely dis tributed of the substances that give color to our world and occur m flowers fruits plants insects and animals It has been estimated that biosynthesis from acetate produces approximately a hundred million tons of carotenoids per year The most familiar carotenoids are lycopene and (3 carotene pigments found m numerous plants and easily isolable from npe tomatoes and carrots respectively... 

Luzindole [117946-91-5] LY117018 [63676-25-5] LY121019 LY 146032 LY 156758 [82640-04-8] LY-171883 [88107-10-2] LY258360 [125615-06-7] Lyases Lycasin Lycopane Lycopene... 

In Group 14 (IV), carbon serves as a Lewis base in a few of its compounds. In general, saturated ahphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are stable in the presence of BF, whereas unsaturated ahphatic hydrocarbons, such as propjdene or acetylene, are polymerized. However, some hydrocarbons and their derivatives have been reported to form adducts with BF. Typical examples of adducts with unsaturated hydrocarbons are 1 1 adducts with tetracene and 3,4-benzopyrene (39), and 1 2 BF adducts with a-carotene and lycopene (40). 

Fertile sources of carotenoids include carrots and leafy green vegetables such as spinach. Tomatoes contain significant amounts of the red carotenoid, lycopene. Although lycopene has no vitamin A activity, it is a particularly efficient antioxidant (see Antioxidants). Oxidation of carotenoids to biologically inactive xanthophyUs represents an important degradation pathway for these compounds (56). 

LUMO, see Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Lyase, 1041-1042 Lycopene, structure of, 483 Lysergic acid diethylamide, structure of, 963... 

Another colorful carotene is lycopene. This is the red molecule that gives ripe tomatoes their color. 

A molecule of lycopene can absorb blue light because the electrons are not orbiting a single atom, they are sloshing around orbiting many atoms, and the energy needed to move them is a lot less than in a smaller molecule, or one without conjugated bonds. 

You can think of the energy in a lycopene molecule as a wave sloshing in a bathtub, or the wave you can make with a jump rope. The lowest energy state, called the ground state, would correspond to the jump rope going around in the normal fashion. 

In addition, Montenegro et al., (2007) determined that the photosensitized RF-mediated degradation of vitamins A, D3, and RF itself in skimmed milk was strongly reduced by the addition of small amounts of lycopene-gum arabic-sucrose microcapsules, prepared by spray-drying. Under these conditions, the bulk properties of the skimmed milk were unmodified. The main photoprotection mechanism of the milk vitamins was the efficient quenching of the 3Rf by the protein moiety of GA. Small contributions (<5%) to the total photoprotection percentage was due to both inner filter effect and 1O2 quenching by the microencapsulated lycopene. 

Photoprotection of Vitamins in Skim Milk by Aqueous Soluble Lycopene - Gum Arabic Microencapsulated. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 55, No. 2, (January 2007), pp. 323-329, ISSN 0021-8561. 

Zeaxanthin (135) was synthesized from the salt (133) and the dialdehyde (134) in 1,2-epoxybutane, a reagent superior to ethylene oxide particularly for polyenedialdehydes. The same salt was also used to prepare /3-cryptoxanthin and zeinoxanthin. Phenolic carotenoids from Strep-tomyces mediolani and 1,2-dihydro- and l,2,r,2 -tetrahydro-lycopene have also been obtained by conventional olefin synthesis. 

GiovANNUcci E (1999) Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer review of the epidemiologic literature , J Natl Cancer Inst, 99, 317-31. 

KHACHIK F, BEECHER G R and SMITH J c (1995) Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer , J Cell Biochem Supp, 22, 236-46. 

Food (3-Carotene a-Carotene Lutein Lycopene (3-Cryptoxantlun Zeaxanthin Capsanthin ... 

The range (p,g/100 fresh weight) of lycopene and P-carotene in selected tomato cultivars can be 20-62000 and 35-2200 respectively, and of P-carotene and a-carotene in selected carrot cultivars 1100-64000 and 530-36000 respectively. Some of the carotenoids may be present as fatty acid esters (Breithaupt and Bamedi, 2001). More extensive listings can be found (O Neill et al, 2001 van den Berg et al, 2000 Hart and Scott 1995). 

Comparative carotenoid intake across five European countries Aipha carotene Lycopene Lutein... 

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