Carcinosarcoma cells

Histone kinases responsible for N-phosphorylation have been isolated from regenerating rat liver [109] and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells [110]. One kinase with a pH optimum of 9.5 phosphorylated His-18 and His-75 of H4, while the other with a pH optimum of 6.5 phosphorylated lysine of HI. The enzyme from regenerating rat liver phosphorylated H4 at 1-phosphoryl histidine, while the carcinosarcoma enzyme phosphorylated H4 His at the position 3 [111]. Both kinases were cAMP independent [110]. Matthews and colleagues purified a 32-kDa histidine H4 kinase from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [112,113]. The enzyme phosphorylated His-75 (1-phosphoryl histidine) in H4. His-18 of H4 and other histidines in other core histones were not phosphorylated by this kinase [112]. Protein phosphatases 1, 2A, and 2C could dephosphorylate His-75 of H4 [114]. Applying a gel kinase approach to detect mammalian H4 histidine kinases, Besant and Attwood detected four activities in the 34-41 kDa range with extracts from porcine thymus [115]. 

Peroxy derivatives of steroids have been isolated from both marine and terrestrial sources. They are most commonly 5a, 8a-endoperoxides with variations in the side-chains. The ergosterol peroxide 102 is the most ubiquitous endoperoxide-containing natural product and is isolated from a large number of sources. Ergosterol peroxide 102 was found to have antitumour activity against breast cancer and carcinosarcoma cell lines. A number of other steroidal endoperoxides have been reported which differ in the nature of the side-chain. Compound 103 was found to be an inhibitor of tumour promotion in mouse studies . 

Colquhoun, A. and Schumacher, R.I., Gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid induce modifications in mitochondrial metabohsm, reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in Walker 256 rat carcinosarcoma cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1533, 207, 2001. 

Cells in which chemiluminescence has been reported to originate include phagocytic cells, mouse spleen cells (Peterhans et al., 1980), rat thymocytes (Wrogemann et al., 1978), human NK cells (Roder et al., 1982), erythrocytes (canine) (Peerless and Stiehm, 1986), human epidermal cells (Fischer and Adams, 1985), Lettre ascites tumour cells (Mehta et al., 1985), colonic epithelial cells (Crawen et al., 1986) and Walker carcinosarcoma cells (Leroyer et al., 1987). 

A cyclic AMP independent protein kinase which catalyzes the phosphorylation of histidine in histones has been found in nuclei from rat tissue and in Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cell nuclei (96). Two histone kinases (ATP histone N-phosphotransferase) have been partially purified from the nuclei of the carcinosarcoma cells (78a). One of these enzymes preferentially phosphorylates histone H4 (IV, F2al) at an optimum pH of 9.5, while the other preferentially phosphorylates histone I (FI) at an optimum pH of 6.5. Both enzymes had an absolute requirement for Mg2+, required similar levels of ATP, and were not stimulated by added cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. The pH 9.5 kinase was strongly inhibited by relatively low concentrations of GTP and CTP, but the pH 6.5 kinase was not affected. The pH 9.5 kinase phosphorylates the only two histidines (His-18 and His-75) in histone H4 to form 3-phosphohistidine. The pH 6.5 kinase phosphorylates the c-amino group of a lysine residue in histone I. Location of this lysine is not known. The phospho groups of both these derivatives are acid labile. 

Wicki, A., and Niggli, V. (2001) The Rho/ Rho-kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways are essential for spontaneous locomotion ofWalker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Int. J. Cancer 9, 763-771. 

Elephantopus mollis is interesting because it elaborates a series of cytotoxic antitumor germacranolides including molephantinin and phantomolin, which are cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rodents (104,105). Molephantinin mitigates DNA and protein synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and DNA synthesis. What is the activity of molephantinin on apoptosis (106)1... 

There is an increased blood flow in brain tumors (ref. 589), and the blood-brain barrier is leaky in and around 9L tumors because the blood vessels associated with these (ref. 568), and other (ref. 565-567), tumors are fenestrated. This well-known leakiness of tumor capillaries, which in the case of brain tumors includes breaches in the blood-brain barrier (ref. 566,568 cf. Section 12.2), would allow extravasation of small particulate matter (cf. ref. 590-594) or LCM. Once in the tumor area, LCM remain there because of an affinity for tumor cell surface components (cf. ref. 531 see also Chapter 14). At least 4 different types of experimental tumors in rats (C6 glioma, 9L gliosarcoma, Novikoff hepatoma, and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma), as well as several spontaneous tumors in dogs (ref. 570), do interact with LCM in a preferential manner (cf. Chapters 12 and 13), suggesting that LCM affinity may be for tumor cells in general (ref. 531). 

Daphneticin (12), isolated from Daphne tangutica, showed cytotoxic activity against Walker carcinosarcoma ascites cells (68) but was inactive against KB cells (68). In vitro studies showed cleomiscosin A (9), isolated from the chloroform extract of Brucea javanica, to be active against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line (EDsq = 0.4 pg ml ), but inactive against the KB test system (57). Luyengi et al. reported the lack of activity of the same compound when evaluated against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells (59). 

Daphneticin (12) Antibacterial activity, cytotoxic against Walker carcinosarcoma ascites cells (66, 68)... 

Within the last 10 years a great number of plants have been screened for antitumour active alkaloids. The two major groups involved in this search were the National Cancer Institute and a group of chemists and biologists at Eli Lilly and Co. Crude extracts and crystalline alkaloids were screened in vitro (cell cultures) and in vivo against sarcoma 180, Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma, Eagle s K.B. strain of human carcinoma of the nasopharynx, Lewis lung carcinoma, etc. The tests, which were reproducible, were made under standard conditions set up by the C.C.N.S.C. (Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Centre). 

A cytotoxic alkaloid from Boehmeria cylindrica (Urticaceae), active in cell cultures against Eagle s K.B. carcinoma of the nasopharynx, but inactive against sarcoma 180, adenocarcinoma 755, L-1210 leukaemia, and Walker carcinosarcoma, was identified as cryptopleurine (61) (67) is a close relative of tylocrebrine (68), from Tylophora crebrifolia (Asclepiadaceae), whose high activity against lymphoid leukaemia L-1210 in mice had been observed. ... 

Suarez-Vilela D, Salas-Valien JS, Gonzalez-Moran MA, et al. Thymic carcinosarcoma associated with a spindle cell thymoma An immunohistochemical study. Histopathology. 1992 21 263-268. 

Sarcomatoid carcinoma, also referred to as carcinosarcoma, spindle cell carcinoma, blastoma, and teratocarci-noma, are neoplasms of epithelial derivation that show variable differentiation. Sarcomatoid carcinoma has been reviewed conceptually by Wick and Swanson. Several studies have evaluated sarcomatoid carcinoma by immunohistochemistry using keratin antibodies and/ or electron microscopy. These studies concluded that the spindle cell component of the neoplasm was of epithelial derivation. In most instances, the spindle cells coexpress keratin and vimentin (Figs. 12.10 and 12.11) or occasionally keratin and other intermediate filaments such as desmin or actin. 

Addis BJ, Gorrin B. Pulmonary blastoma, carcinosarcoma and spindle cell carcinoma An immunohistochemical smdy of keratin intermediate filaments. J Pathol. 1985 147 291-301. 

Nappi O, Glasner SD, Swanson PE, et al. Biphasic and mono-phasic sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung A re-appraisal of carcinosarcomas and spindle cell carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994 102 331-340. 

This is a very rare, possibly benign uterine tumor that is characterized by a cytologically bland and largely mitot-ically inactive proliferation of spindle cells in a myxoid matrix. The main differential diagnostic considerations include myxoid leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal neoplasm with myxoid stroma. All inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors reported in the largest series were ALK-positive, which is similar to what has been described to occur in other sites. " All uterine mesenchymal neoplasms studied were ALK-negative, including smooth muscle and endometrial stromal tumors and carcinosarcomas. 

Almeida et al. [6] thus tested a purified fraction from the rhizome of Wilbrandia sp. and demonstrated not only that the fraction inhibited KB cells with an effective concentration-50 (EC50) of 12 pg/ml, but also that it reduced the relative tumor weight of rats bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma by 65% [6,59]. These effects were thought to be due to the presence of cucurbitacins WGi and WG2 in the fraction, but the pure compounds were not tested. 

TLEl protein Synovial sarcoma Hemangiopericytoma, schwannoma, solitary fibrous tumor, fibroxanthoma, clear cell sarcoma, carcinosarcoma, chondrosarcoma ... 

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