Emissions measurement carbon monoxide

Phase 2 RFG was introduced in the San Francisco Bay Area and pollutant emissions were measured at the 1100 m long Caldecott tunnel during the summers of 1994 and 1997. Between the 1994 to 1997, emissions of carbon monoxide decreased by 31%, non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) decreased by 43%, nitrogen oxides decreased by 18%, and vehicle emission of benzene was estimated to be a 30 to 40% reduction. The use of RFG increased formaldehyde... 

The temperature profile below was measured near an urban area shortly after sunrise. It is now 11 00 A.M. and surface air temperature has risen to 18°C in the city. Cumulative emission of carbon monoxide (CO) during the morning rush hour is approximately 5 kg/km2. 

The EPA Method 10 discusses measuring carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources from continuous samples extracted from an exhaust stack where the sample is measured with nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. Possible interferences include water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Method lOA tells how to make certified carbon monoxide measurements from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) at petroleum refineries. 

Products of Incomplete Combustion Emission Limits. Products of iacomplete combustion typically are not directly measured duting the trial bum. Instead, levels of carbon monoxide (qv) emissions are used as an iadication of combustion efficiency. High combustion efficiencies are assumed to result ia acceptable levels of products of incomplete combustion. If carbon monoxide emissions are measured at less than 100 ppmv dry basis, the standard is met. However, if emissions are greater than 100 ppmv, no more than 20 ppmv of total hydrocarbons (qv) are allowed at the iaciaerator stack duting the trial bum. 

Beyond the catalytic ignition point there is a rapid increase in catalytic performance with small increases in temperature. A measure of catalyst performance has been the temperature at which 50% conversion of reactant is achieved. For carbon monoxide this is often referred to as CO. The catalyst light-off property is important for exhaust emission control because the catalyst light-off must occur rehably every time the engine is started, even after extreme in-use engine operating conditions. 

For intermediate temperatures from 400-1000°C (Fig. 11), the volatilization of carbon atoms by energetic plasma ions becomes important. As seen in the upper curve of Fig. 11, helium does not have a chemical erosion component of its sputter yield. In currently operating machines the two major contributors to chemical erosion are the ions of hydrogen and oxygen. The typical chemical species which evolve from the surface, as measured by residual gas analysis [37] and optical emission [38], are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 

Test a hypothesis about the source of the problem, such as checking emissions from a piece of equipment. Testing for "indicator" compounds associated with particular types of building conditions Peak carbon dioxide CO2) concentrations over 1000 ppm (parts per million) are an indicator of underventilation. Carbon monoxide (CO) over several ppm indicates inappropriate presence of combustion by-products (which may also account for high CO2 readings). Compare any measured concentrations to guidelines or standards. 

In Mexico City, several air quality parameters are measured continuously by an Automated Monitoring Network operated by the Under Secretariat of Ecology. Carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and ozone are the contaminants exceeding Air Quality Standards. Emissions produced by 2.7 million vehicles and 35,000 commercial and industrial outfits are not easily dispersed in a Valley located at 2240 m and surrounded by two mountain chains which hinder air circulation. An Integral Program, recently established to alleviate pollution, is briefly described. 

Figure 12. Top, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emitted in flue gases from batchwise commercial heat treatment of Asplund board at 165 C versus time. In some plants the emission decreased more with time than here. Bottom, laboratory scale measurements at two temperatures. Data of emitted CO and total acids as weight % on dry hardboard. All data according to Nordenskjold and Ostman (3). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 10. Copyright 1989 De Gruyter.)...

Equation (4) states that, to quantify the combustion efficiency, the volume fractions of carbon monoxide and the total hydrocarbon (methane equivalents), the mass flow and the stoichiometry of conversion gas, and the volume flows of primary and secondary air need to be measured. The concept of combustion efficiency is a function of emissions, air dilution, and type of fuel. This concept can be applied to any type of continuous combustion system and any type of fuel. 

Bishop, G. A., and D. H. Stedman, On-Road Carbon Monoxide Emission Measurement Comparisons for the 1988-1989 Colorado Oxy-Fuels Program, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 843-847 (1990). 

Stephens, R. D., and S. H. Cadle, Remote Sensing Measurements of Carbon Monoxide Emissions from On-Road Vehicles, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 41, 39-46 (1991). 

As Table 2-1 shows, the treatment of the mustard agent (HD) resulted in stack concentrations, DRE, operating temperatures, carbon monoxide concentrations, stack particulate concentrations, and hydrogen chloride emissions that were all within required limits for all four test mns. At the time the trial bum report was prepared, no limits had been established for metals. However, the report notes that the measured concentrations were very close to the detection limits in all cases (U.S. Army, 1992). It is not clear whether the low concentrations were due to low metals content in the agent stream or to the effective removal of metals during processing. 

In 1976, Breysse et al. [6] observed CTL emission during the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on a thoria surface. This luminescence is ascribed to fight emission during catalysis in an atmosphere containing oxygen. This implies that carbon monoxide in the air can be detected continuously without any consumption of sensor substance by the measurement of the CTL emission from a thoria surface. 

Tertiary gas standards for the provision of traceable measurements to the United Kingdom s vehicle emissions testing programme (the MoT test ). These comprise specific concentrations of mixtures of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and propane in a diluent gas of nitrogen. 

An emissions test of the pyro-gas was conducted at Conrad on December 18, 1986, while pyrolyzing TDF. Measurements included particulate, metals, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (C02), oxygen (02), and carbon monoxide (CO).1 The test results are presented in Table 8-3. Note that these emission estimates do not reflect atmospheric emissions. 

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