Indian Oceans

Deep-sea manganese nodules represent a significant potential mineral resource. Whereas the principal constituent of these deposits is manganese, the primary interest has come from the associated metals that the nodules can also contain (see Ocean rawmaterials). For example, metals can range from 0.01—2.0% nickel, 0.01—2.0% copper, and 0.01—2.25% cobalt (12). Recovery is considered an economic potential in the northwestern equatorial Pacific, and to a lesser degree in the southern and western Pacific and Indian Oceans (13—18). 

Northeastern Tropical Pacific approximately 5—20° North latitude, 110—155° West longitude (25,26) ia the Central Indian Ocean south of India approximately 5—10° South latitude, 75—88° East longitude (27) ia the EEZ of the Cook Islands ia the South Pacific approximately 15—25° South latitude, 155—165° West longitude (28) and the Blake Plateau off the Adantic coast of the United States approximately 30—35° North latitude, 65—80° West longitude (29). 

Bromine compounds are found ia the atmosphere ia small amounts the sea is a primary source. Rainfall over the Pacific and Indian Oceans has been found to contain 60—80 f-lg/L of bromine (46). Approximately 10 parts per trillion (v/v) of bromine is found ia the stratosphere (47). 

North latitude Atlantic ocean Indian ocean Pacific ocean South latitude Atlantic ocean Indian ocean Pacific ocean... 

Kramp, P. L. (1965). The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Dana Report No. 63. Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen. 

A circumnavigation of the world s oceans between 1978-1980 (18), further indicated that broad expanses of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans away from major tanker lanes and shipping routes contained little or no tar, whereas tar pollution was prevalent in the Mediterranean, Java Sea and Red Sea, and in western European and Northwest African coastal areas. 

Cycles established as statistically real are the familiar annual and diurnal radiation/temperature cycles, a quasibiennial (about every 2 years) fluctuation in various climatic elements, and the interannual variability of June rainfall in northern India. The first merely means that winters are cooler than summers and nights are cooler than days. Examples of the second cycle include Midwestern rainfall, a lengthy temperature record from central England, and winds over the western Paciflc and eastern Indian Ocean. According to Campbell et al (19), the third cycle may be a response to the monthly solar-lunar tide and its influence on the monsoon circulation. 

Fig. 10-12 The A C values of the cores of the North Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean deep waters. The oldest waters are encountered near 40°N in the Pacific Ocean. (Modified with permission from M. Stuiver et al. (1983). Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science 219 849-851, the AAAS.)...

Deep ocean concentrations increase progressively as the abyssal water flows (ages) from the North Atlantic, through the Indian Ocean to the North Pacific. 

Netherlands Indian ocean Program 1992-1993 First Results. Deep-Sea Res. II44,1177-1480. 

Type of Fish Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean... 

Fig. 4.6 Map of East Africa and islands in the western Indian Ocean. Abbreviations Ken. = Kenya,...

The Kerguelen Islands, which lie at about 49°30 S, 69°30 E in the southern Indian Ocean, represent perhaps the most remote island system with which we deal in this chapter. The system is made up of one main island and a number of small rocky outcrops, and it lies closer to Antarctica than to any other major landmass. Of interest in... 

Another recent study on historic, basaltic lava flows (1848 to 1977 AD) from Karthala volcano (Comores, Indian ocean) by Claude-Ivanad et al. (1998) reveals significant variations of the ( Ra)o/Ba ratios, correlated with Sr/ Sr ratios, which are explained by mantle source heterogeneities preserved by short transfer times of the magmas (a few centuries at most). 

Chung Y, Finkel R, Bacon MP, Cochran JK, Krishnaswami S (1983) Intercomparison of °Pb measurements at GEOSECS station 500 in the northeast Pacific. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 393-405 Chung Y, Finkel R (1988) Po-210 in the Western Indian-ocean - distributions, disequilibria and partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases. Earth Planet Sci Lett 88 232-240 Clegg SL, Whitfield M (1991) A generalized model for the scavenging of trace metals in the open ocean -... 

Cochran JK, Bacon MP, Krishnaswami S, Turekian KK (1983) °Po and °Pb distributions in the central and eastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 433-445 Cochran JK, Livingston HD, Hirschberg DJ, Surprenant LD (1987) Natural and anthropogenic radionuclide distributions in the northwest Atlantic-ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84 135-152 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistiy of the uranium and thorium-series nuclides In Uranium-series disequihbrium applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Oxford University Press, New York, p 334-395... 

Marcantonio F, Turekian KK, Higgins S, Anderson RF, Stute M, Schlosser P (1999) The accretion rate of extraterrestrial He based on oceanic °Th flux and the relation to Os isotope variation over the past 200,000 years in an Indian Ocean core. Earth Planet Sci Lett 170 157-168 Marchal O, Francois R, Stocker TF, Joos F (2000) Ocean thermohaline circulation and sedimentary 23ipa/230Th ratio. Paleoceanography 15(6) 625-641... 

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