Independent analysis

When the overlap between the voltammograms for two components prevents their independent analysis, a simultaneous analysis similar to that used in spectrophotometry may be possible. An example of this approach is outlined in Example 11.12. 

HC03 ] + [H2CO3]). Given that the pH of the water is 7.49, what is the actual concentration of HC03 (d) An independent analysis gives the following additional concentrations. 

Prior to a method trial, the FDA strongly recommends that a second analyst or independent laboratory perform the method. The independent analyst is asked follow the method SOP as written. This analyst should not have been involved in developing the method or be familiar with it in any way. The purpose of the independent analysis is to determine if a qualified chemist can perform the method described without input other than that provided in the written instmctions. This trial mn will typically identify problems with the SOP that are not apparent to the method developer. Although not required by the FDA, the independent assessment can identify potential problems with the method SOP prior to the lengthy and costly method trial. A trial mn offers the method developer an opportunity to correct problems and to increase the probability that subsequent method trials will be successful. Finally, the method developer should realize that the variability achieved in his/her laboratory is often less than that realized by less experienced analysts. If a method cannot achieve a suitable degree of repeatability in the developer s laboratory, it should not be expected to do any better in other laboratories. 

We deemed it necessary to confirm the CV results by the alternate method using convolutive potential sweep voltammetry, which requires no assumptions as to the form of the free energy relationship and is ideally suited for an independent analysis of curvature revealed in Figure 7. In convolutive linear sweep voltammetry, the heterogeneous rate constant ke is obtained from the cur-... 

Figure 11.2 Status of current technologies relative to key system performance and cost targets (Satyapal et al., 2006). Costs exclude regeneration and processing. Data are based on R D projections and independent analysis (FY05-FY06), and are updated periodically.

Dissolution Profile Comparison Model Independent Analysis Similarity Factor... 

Figure 4 Dissolution profile comparison model independent analysis.

In cases where an estimated value for the LOD is obtained by calculation or extrapolation, this estimate may subsequently be validated by the independent analysis of a suitable number of samples known to be near or prepared at the detection limit. 

The equipment for screening passengers and baggage is designed to identify trace amounts of specific known explosives. Analytic trace detection is conducted using mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, chemical luminescence, or ion mobility spectrometry. Ion mobility spectrometry is most commonly used. Novel explosive material wiU not be probably detected by these systems. Information on the equipment s technical performance is not publicly available because of security reasons, which inhibits an independent analysis of equipment s performance [160]. 

Independent analysis of the bound water NMR signal of each species. 

Selection-independent analysis In this case, library analysis occurs strictly after and apart from the library selection experiment. Typically, what this means is that the solution resulting from a library is analyzed by HPLC or HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and compared with the chromatographic trace obtained for an identical library prepared in the absence of target. This provides an internal control for self-selection processes and (hopefully) allows direct identification library members undergoing enhancement through visual inspection. If selfselection is the goal, one simply compares HPLC traces of libraries at different time points. 

Collaborative Testing. A second approach to assessing accuracy, when no certified reference material is available, may be used in conjunction with analysis by independent methods and in-house materials. Sample exhanges with other laboratories can help establish the existence or absence of systematic errors in a method. Collaborative tests are most useful in this regard when some of the participating laboratories use different sample preparation and quantification. The utility of independent analysis methods and comparisons between destructive and non-destructive analysis is again emphasized here. 

Extensive tables of data will accompany the regulatory application so that the regulators can nm an independent analysis. In contrast, only limited data are published in journals. The editor and the reviewer, when provided with the scientific paper to be published, are seldom provided with adequate data to allow a detailed critique. For the manufacturer, the findings from clinical trials form the basis of what is said about the efficacy, safety and quality of a new medicine... 

Huffman, H. D., Comparison of the Light Absorption Coefficient and Carbon Measures for Remote Aerosols An Independent Analysis of Data from the Improve Network—I, Atmos. Environ., 30, 73-83 (1996). 

A model independent analysis of the proton-electron scattering and application of the expression in (6.14) produced the value r ) 2) = 2.71 (13) fm for the third Zemach moment of the proton [56]. Numerically, the respective contribution to the Lamb shift is... 

The accuracy of the analytical method was established hy independent analysis of the three additional filters from each of the 5 10 and 20 yg/m3 generation runs using both NAA and XRF analyses. Because NAA and XRF analysis techniques provide only a total arsenic measurement, the IC-AAS speciation results obtained for MMA, DMA and p-APA were used to estimate the total amount of arsenic. Table X presents the total arsenic obtained by the three techniques. The accuracy ranged from 90-120 of the values obtained by NAA and XRF. 

Another approach estimates the DL from the standard deviation of the response and the slope of the calibration curve. The standard deviation can be determined either from the standard deviation of multiple blank samples or from the standard deviation of the intercepts of the regression lines done in the range of the DL. This estimate will need to be subsequently validated by the independent analysis of a suitable number of samples near or at the DL ... 

The data generated by ELASC on the four routes to radafaxine were supported and confirmed by independent analysis of process waste streams, and are summarized in Table 10.3 and Eigure 10.7. 

Dielectric constants are determined for pure liquid dimethylsiloxane oligomers. Mean-square dipole moments, calculated from the Onsager equation, are in good agreement with predicted values based on the RIS model (S 117) with neighbor dependence and chain conformational energies obtained in an independent analysis of the random-coil dimensions of such chains. In addition, the observed temperature coefficients of are in qualitative agreement with calculated results. 

The broad region of applicability of the theory discovered in numerical calculations deserves independent analysis [2], This theory, as is known,... 

Since some of the cholesteric molecules are dextrorotatory and others are levorotatory, only minimum limits of their contamination (assuming that only one species is present in each BN solution) could be calculated from residual rotations after allowing BN to racemize for several days. Results from an independent analysis, a ferric chloride color test (33), confirmed the conclusions from the prior analyses that rotations of solutions of recovered BN contained only a small percentage contribution from residual cholesteric Impurities. Rotations in Tables III and IV are corrected for the cholesteric contributions. 

The constant value of core diameter and low polydispersity oQ in core diameter is consistent with the known uniformity of the latexes. Either the S or the CS analysis gives a core diameter of 0.37 ym and refractive index of 1.18-1.20. The core diameter is slightly smaller than the value of 0.41 ym which came from an independent analysis using a turbidimetric technique. The turbidimetric technique was an approximate method that required the assumption of refractive index and density. 

However, an independent analysis of workroom levels of chromium in the three chromate production factories in the United Kingdom performed around 1950 indicated average levels for various phases in the process ranging from 0.0006 to 2.14 mg chromium(III)/m3 and from 0.002 to 0.88 mg chromium(VI)/m3 (Buckell and Harvey 1951). The importance of further follow-up of the cohort to confirm that the risk has declined with improvements in the working environment, of simultaneous analysis of such factors as age, duration of employment, and time since first exposure, and of examining smoking habits was emphasized (Davies et al. 1991). 

The strategy we employed to reduce the size of the virtual library was based on independent analysis of the properties of individual building blocks, in order to select subsets of suitable and diverse reactants from a pool of available chemicals. 

LCM permits the isolation of specific cell types for subsequent molecular analysis. This approach provides an opportunity for independent analysis of the tumor as well as its local microenvironment. The scope and limitations... 

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