Carbon dioxide total

Carbon Dioxide Removal. Aside from contained carbon dioxide which is removed from syngas when absorbing hydrogen sulfide, the total carbon dioxide produced in the methanation system is removed by conventional absorption in a single-stage operation in which the volume of gas to be treated is minimum and the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide is maximum. 

Johnson, K. M., Wills, K. D., Butler, D. B. el al. (1993). Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector. Mar. Chem. 44,167-187. 

Fig. 11-9 (a) The vertical distributions of alkalinity (Aik) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the world oceans. Ocean regions shown are the North Atlantic (NA), South Atlantic (SA), Antarctic (AA), South Indian (SI), North Indian (NI), South Pacific (SP), and North Pacific (NP) oceans. (Modified with permission from T. Takahashi et ah, The alkalinity and total carbon dioxide concentration in the world oceans, in B. Bolin (1981). Carbon Cycle Modelling," pp. 276-277, John Wiley, Chichester.)... 

Edmond, J. M. (1970). High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide concentration of sea water by potentiometric titration. Deep-Sea Res. 17, 737-750. 

Takahashi, T., Broecker, W. S. and Bainbridge, A. E. (1981). The alkalinity and total carbon dioxide concentration in the world oceans. In "Carbon Dioxide Modeling" (B. Bolin, ed.), pp. 271-286. Wiley, New York. 

This new and novel method to study the photochemical degradation of Kevlar-29 fabric in air divides into four steps (1) fabric cleaning, (2) photolysis at specified temperature and time in 0.2 atm - 02, (3) preparation of the degraded (DMAc-soluble) sample surface for decarboxylation at 25° and 196°C in the concentrated sulfuric acid, and (4) the total carbon dioxide analyses by gas chromatography and the isotopic carbon dioxide ( °C02 and 48co2) ratios by GC-mass spectrometer. 

Various workers have discussed the determination of total alkalinity and carbonate [ 10-12], and the carbonate bicarbonate ratio [ 12] in seawater. A typical method utilises an autoanalyser. Total alkalinity (T milliequivelents per litre) is found by adding a known (excess) amount of hydrochloric acid and back titrating with sodium hydroxide solution a pH meter records directly and after differentiation is used to indicate the end-point. Total carbon dioxide (C milliequivelents per litre of HCO3 per litre) is determined by mixing the sample with dilute sulfuric acid and segmenting it with carbon dioxide-free air, so that the carbon dioxide in the sample is expelled into the air segments. The air... 

Fukushi and Hiiro et al. [24] described a method for determining total carbon dioxide in seawater by capillary isotachoelectrophoresis following isolation of the carbon dioxide by membrane permeation. 

Johnson, K.M., A.G. Dickson, G. Eisheid, C. Goyet, P. Guenther, F.J. Millero, D. Purkerson, C.L. Sabine, R.S. Schottle, D.R.W. Wallace, R.J. Wilke, and C.D. Winn. 1998. Coulo-metric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies Assessment of the quality of total inorganic carbon measurements made during the U.S. Indian Ocean C02 survey 1994-1996. Marine Chemistry 63(l-2) 21-37. 

The question often arises whether a sample must be analyzed immediately or can be stored, and if so, under what conditions and for how long (B4a, H5a, W9a). Freshly drawn blood maintained anaerobically (A3) at 38 C decreases in pH at the rate of —0.062 unit per hour and in pCOj, at 4.8 1.3 mg Hg per hour. At 0-4°C, the change is minimal — 0.006 0.004 pH unit and 0.6 0.06 mm Hg. There has been controversy concerning the use of minerol oil to maintain specimens for carbon dioxide analysis (G2). Paulsen found that values of total carbon dioxide in plasma collected in stoppered tubes with and without paraflSn oil were identical if the tubes without oil were completely filled to the stopper (P4). The loss of carbon dioxide in tubes stored at room temperature without oil was about 6 mEq/1 in 2.5-4 hours. The problem for the laboratory is unfilled tubes and the storage of separated serum or plasma before analysis and in plastic cups during continuous-flow procedures. 

Orig. CO2 Amount of total carbon dioxide which was not affected by the activity of organisms after the thermal stratification had been established and thus existed originally. In this paper, the amount was assumed to be the average value of the total carbon dioxide in surface water layers which are almost saturated with air. 

Johnson, K.M., J. McN. Sieburth, P.J. leB. Williams, and L. Brandstrom. 1987. Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies Automation and calibration. Mar. Client. 21 117-133. 

Figure 4.2. The variation of total carbon dioxide (ICO2) and the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite (Qc) with temperature for seawater with a total alkalinity of 2400 peq kg- seawater and in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2...

Bradshaw A.L. and Brewer P.G. (1988a) High precision measurements of alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration - 1. Presence of unknown protolyte(s) Mar. Chem. 23, 69-86. 

Bradshaw A.L., Brewer P.G., Shafer D.K. and Williams R.T. (1981) Measurements of total carbon dioxide and alkalinity by potentiometric titration in the GEOSECS program. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 55, 99-115. 

Usually, the reaction between C02and water is very slow and hardly contributes to the total carbon dioxide reaction rate. Nevertheless, for the sake of completeness, it has been considered as a reaction of the first order with respect to the CO2, since the reaction kinetics depends on the carbonation ratio (see Ref. [87]). 

For certain applications it is convenient to express apparent thermodynamic properties for reactions involving C02 in terms of total carbon dioxide, which is defined... 

Estimation of Uncertainty in The determination of the total ion molal concentration of calcium from salinity measurement is relatively precise with a probable error of less than 0.3% under open ocean conditions. Dickson and Riley (37) have recently discussed the effect of analytical errors on the evaluation of the components of the aquatic carbon-dioxide system for seawater at 25°C and 1 atmosphere total pressure. Their conclusions Indicate that if alkalinity and total carbon dioxide are the measured parameters a probable combined uncertainty in the total carbonate ion molal concentration from 3 to 6 percent results, depending on Fco2 If pH and alkalinity are the measured parameters the uncertainty is approximately 4 percent. In addition to the probable error introduced by analytical precision, the absolute accuracy of the measurements introduces an error which is difficult to evaluate. The results of the GEOSECS intercalibration study (38) were indicative of this problem. A conservative guess is that accuracy introduces at least a one percent further uncertainty. It is also difficult to determine exactly what error is introduced through temperature and pressure corrections to situ conditions. For the deep sea this may introduce a further uncertainty of at least... 

Walter and co-workers (Walter and Burton, 1990 Walter et al., 1993 Ku et al., 1999) have made extensive efforts to demonstrate the importance of dissolution of calcium carbonate in shallow-water carbonate sediments. Up to — 50% carbonate dissolution can be driven by the sulfate reduction-sulfide oxidation process. In calcium carbonate-rich sediments there is often a lack of reactive iron to produce iron sulfide minerals. The sulfide that is produced by sulfate reduction can only be buried in dissolved form in pore waters, oxidized, or can diffuse out of the sediments. In most carbonate-rich sediments the oxidative process strongly dominates the fate of sulfide. Figure 6 (Walter et al., 1993) shows the strong relationship that generally occurs in the carbonate muds of Florida Bay between total carbon dioxide, excess dissolved calcium (calcium at a concentration above that predicted from salinity), and the amount of sulfate that has been reduced. It is noteworthy that the burrowed banks show much more extensive increase in calcium than the other mud banks. This is in good agreement with the observations of Aller and Rude (1988) that in Long Island Sound siliciclas-tic sediments an increased bioturbation leads to increased sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution. 

Bradshaw, A. L., and Brewer, P. G. (1988) High Precision Measurements of Alkalinity and Total Carbon Dioxide in Seawater by Potentiometric Titration, Mar. Chem. 23, 69-86. 

Table 2 shows the energy input, that is, diesel oil, natural gas, and electricity, for plantation, reported by Turhollow et al [3]. If carbon dioxide emission from the consumption of diesel, natural gas, and electricity is available, total carbon dioxide emission from the plantation can be obtained. In case of Japan, carbon dioxide emission from diesel oil, natural gas, and electricity is 7I.46kg-C02/GJ, 51.56 kg-CO2/GJ, and 121.64 kg-COi/GJ, respectively. 

E551 O Leary, T.D. and Langton, S.R. (1989). Calculated bicarbonate or total carbon dioxide Clin. Chem. 35, 1697-1700. 

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