Electrical conductivity improvements

Passalacqua ef al. [143] were able to prove fhaf when an MPL is interposed befween fhe DL and fhe CL, fhe performance of fhe cell improves subsfan-tially. They concluded that the MPL reduced the size of fhe wafer droplefs, thus enhancing the oxygen diffusion. This layer also prevented fhe cafalysf particles from entering too far info fhe DL. Park ef al. [102] concluded fhaf wifh fhe addition of an MPL, bofh water management and electrical conductivity improved. 

Severe hydroprocessing required to produce ultra-low sulfur fuel removes most of the polar organic compounds from the fuel. The resulting product is virtually unable to effectively dissipate static charge as it builds in moving fuel. Instead, electrical discharge into pockets of gas within a pipeline or into air and vapors as fuel is being dispensed can occur. An explosion may result. Low levels of a fuel-soluble electrical conductivity improver to ultra-low sulfur fuel can help restore fuel electrical conductivity to safe levels. 

Identify the need for use of an electrical conductivity improver in fuel. 

Clay filtration can be utilized to effectively remove polar compounds such as corrosion inhibitors, electrical conductivity improvers, and antioxidants from jet fuel. Also, more costly molecular sieve techniques can be utilized to remove contaminants from jet fuel. 

Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Silicate, Powdered Aluminium, Copper Alumina, Flint Powder, Carborundum, Silica, Molybdenum Disulphide Chopped Glass Mica, Silica, Powdered or flaked Glass Metallic Filler or Alumina Colloidal Silica, Bentonite Clay Improved Thermal Conductivity Improved Machinability Improved Abrasion Resistance Improved Impact Strength Improved Electrical Conductivity Improved Thixotropic Response... 

Usually, a uniform distribution of the filler will give the most available surface for interaction. However, the nature of this surface has a strong influence on the properties of the filled material. In some applications, where perhaps thermal and electric conductivity improvements are sought, a uniform distribution will not necessary improve properties. 

Choi and Park226 have modified surfaces with cyclodextrins to assist in the electroformation of PAn nanowires. Others have utilized the concept of molecular templates to form PAn supramolecular rods with electrical conductivity improved by two orders of magnitude.227... 

Outstanding property improvement of electric conductivity, improvement of fatigue resistance,reduction of melt flow with no effect on impact strength, non-fogging ... 

One use of lithium carbonate - in fact a very significant one - is as an additive to fused cryolite NajAlFg in primary aluminum producHon. The melHng point is decreased, the electrical conductivity improved and the energy consumption is lowered. 

Rather than that of traditional polymer composites like POM and PTFE, nowadays high-performance polymers are found which contain mainly tribological applications to withstand high service temperature which was a major issue (Friedrich et al. 1995). These polymer composites will join with nanoparticles and play a major role in electrical conductivity improvement. To prepare these composites with a complex shape and patterns hy simple processing techniques are used which reduce the synthesizing cost (Kymakis et al. 2002). 

Chen G, Yang B, Guo S (2009) Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer induced electrical conductivity improvements and dynamic rheological behavior changes of polypropylene/carbon black composites. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 47 1762... 

Improved Thermal Conductivity Improved Machina- bility Improved Abrasion Resistance Im- proved Impact Strength Improved Electrical Conductivity Improved Thixotrop Response... 

MgO coating, similar to its behavior on LiMn204, is superior in terms of improving cycling performance but not rate capability of LiFeP04. However, in the case of V02(B) coating, it leads to an increase in the bulk electric conductivity, improvement of the kinetics, and enhancement of the rate capability of LiFeP04. 

Electroplating. Electroplated coatings are applied to aluminum alloys to obtain a spedfic metallic appearance increased resistance to wear, abrasion or erosion increased electrical conductivity improved solderability or improved liictional properties. Although electroplated metal coatings are occasionally... 

Further improvements in anode performance have been achieved through the inclusion of certain metal salts in the electrolyte, and more recently by dkect incorporation into the anode (92,96,97). Good anode performance has been shown to depend on the formation of carbon—fluorine intercalation compounds at the electrode surface (98). These intercalation compounds resist further oxidation by fluorine to form (CF ), have good electrical conductivity, and are wet by the electrolyte. The presence of certain metals enhance the formation of the intercalation compounds. Lithium, aluminum, or nickel fluoride appear to be the best salts for this purpose (92,98). 

Polymers. Ion implantation of polymers has resulted in substantial increases of electrical conductivity (140), surface hardness (141), and surface texturing (142). A four to five order of magnitude increase in the conductivity of polymers after implantation with 2 MeV Ar ions at dose levels ranging from 10 -10 ions/cm has been observed (140). The hardness of polycarbonate was increased to that of steel (141) when using 1 MeV Ar at dose levels between 10 -10 ions/cm. Conductivity, oxidation, and chemical resistance were also improved. Improvements in the adhesion of metallizations to Kapton and Teflon after implantation with argon has been noted (142). 

Impurities in cmde metal can occur as other metals or nonmetals, either dissolved or in some occluded form. Normally, impurities are detrimental, making the metal less useful and less valuable. Sometimes, as in the case of copper, extremely small impurity concentrations, eg, arsenic, can impart a harmful effect on a given physical property, eg, electrical conductivity. On the other hand, impurities may have commercial value. For example, gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, associated with copper, each has value. In the latter situation, the purity of the metal is usually improved by some refining technique, thereby achieving some value-added and by-product credit. 

For many electronic and electrical appHcations, electrically conductive resias are required. Most polymeric resias exhibit high levels of electrical resistivity. Conductivity can be improved, however, by the judicious use of fillers eg, in epoxy, silver (in either flake or powdered form) is used as a filler. Sometimes other fillers such as copper are also used, but result in reduced efficiency. The popularity of silver is due to the absence of the oxide layer formation, which imparts electrical insulating characteristics. Consequently, metallic fibers such as aluminum are rarely considered for this appHcation. 

Synthetic fabrics can also be finished to achieve a number of specific characteristics (199). For example, increased electrical conductivity can improve the antistatic character of polyester. Similarly, finishes that improve hydrophilic character also improve properties related to soil release and soil redeposition (199,200). 

Humidification. Adding moisture to air has long been used to control static and to help dissipate static electricity in textile mills (see A IR conditioning). Moisture does not improve the electrical conductivity of the air, but it increases the electrical conductivity of materials absorbing moisture. 

Common conductive polymers are poly acetylene, polyphenylene, poly-(phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, and polyvinylcarba2ole (123) (see Electrically conductive polymers). A static-dissipative polymer based on a polyether copolymer has been aimounced (124). In general, electroconductive polymers have proven to be expensive and difficult to process. In most cases they are blended with another polymer to improve the processibiUty. Conductive polymers have met with limited commercial success. 

Copper has a high electrical conductivity that is second only to that of silver. The conductivity of silver in % lACS units is 108 gold, 73 aluminum, 64 and iron, 18. Wrought copper having a conductivity near 102% lACS is not uncommon because of improvements in refining practices since the standard was first estabUshed. 

For very many years it has been common practice to improve the electrical conductivity of plastics and rubbers by the incorporation of certain additives like special grades of carbon black. Such materials were important, for example, in hospital operating theatres where it was essential that static charges did not build up, leading to explosions involving anaesthetics. 

Following the general trend of looldng for a molecular description of the properties of matter, self-diffusion in liquids has become a key quantity for interpretation and modeling of transport in liquids [5]. Self-diffusion coefficients can be combined with other data, such as viscosities, electrical conductivities, densities, etc., in order to evaluate and improve solvodynamic models such as the Stokes-Einstein type [6-9]. From temperature-dependent measurements, activation energies can be calculated by the Arrhenius or the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation (VTF), in order to evaluate models that treat the diffusion process similarly to diffusion in the solid state with jump or hole models [1, 2, 7]. 

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