Carbon nanotubes reinforced polymer composite

Li, C. and Chou, X. W. Multiscale modeling of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites. J of Nanosci Nanotechnol., 3,423-430 (2003). 

Tserpes, K. I. and Chanteli, A. Parametric numerical evaluation of the effective elastic properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers. Composite Structures, 99, 366-374 (2013). 

Wemik, J. M., Comwell-Mott, B. J., and Meguid, S. A. Determination of the interfacial properties of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites using atomistic-based continuum model. Inte. Jour, of Sol. and Struct., 49, 1852-1863 (2012). 

Gao, X. L. and Li, K. A shear-lag model for carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2005 42 1649-67. 

Narh, K. A. Zhu, L. Numerical simulation of the effect of nanotube orientation on tensile modulus of carbon-nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. Polym. Int. 53, 1461-1466 (2(X)4). 

Manufacturing and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer Composites... 

To summarize, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites mainly depend on the following factors ... 

Bal S, Samal SS. Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites a state of the art. Bull Mater Sd 2007 30 379-86. 

Carbon nanotubes are long cylinders of covalently bonded carbon atoms and have a diameter from a few angstroms to several tens of nanometers. Carbon nanotubes have exceptional mechanical properties [47-50], and extensive research work has been carried out on carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites [46-52]. However, weak interfacial bonding between carbon nanotubes and polymers leads to poor stress transfer, and this has limited the full realization of carbon nanotubes as reinforcements for polymers. Therefore, chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes has been conducted. 

Chung S, Makhar S, Adder H, Park S (2006) Material characterization of carbon-nanotube-reinforced polymer composite. Electron Mater Lett 2(3) 175-181... 

Li K and Saigal S (2007) Micromechauical modeling of stress transfer in carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites, Mater Sci A457 44-57. 

Improvements in friction and wear have also been reported with carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites (Igarashi et al., 2005). This is due to both increases in strength of the material and the modification of the transfer layer by fragments of nanotube which can reduce friction. There is an optimum nanotube composition (Cai et al., 2004) typically about 10% by weight, for the best wear performance (Werner et al., 2004). 

While high power ultrasonic mixers (5), surfactants, solution mixing (6) and in situ polymerization have all been used to produce carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites with apparent homogeneous dispersion of the fillers, these techniques have many limitations, including... 

Schulte K, Gojny F, Fiedler B, Sandler J and Bauhofer W (2005) Carbon nanotube reinforced polymers a state of the art review, in Polymer composites from nano- to macro-scale (Eds. Friedrich K, Fakirov S and Zhang Z) Springer, New York, pp. 3-23. 

The discovery of carbon nanostructured materials has inspired a range of potential applications. More specifically, the use of carbon nanotubes in polymer composites has attracted wide attention. Carbon nanotubes have a unique atomic structure, a very high aspect ratio, and extraordinary mechanical properties (strength and flexibility), making them ideal reinforcing compounds. Moreover, carbon nanotubes are susceptible to chemical functionalization, which broaden their applicability. For instance, surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes is an attractive route for increasing their compatibility with polymers in composites, also improving the dispersability in raw materials and the wettability. 

El Badawi N, Ramadan AR, Esawi AMK, El-Morsi M (2014) Novel carbon nanotube-cellulose acetate nanocomposite membranes for water filtration applications. Desalination 344 79-85 Esteban EU-B, Matthew JK, Virginia AD (2013) Dispersion and rheology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in unsaturated polyester resin. Macromolecules 46(4) 1642-1650 Fang L, Xue Y, Lin H, Shuai C (2011) Friction properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced nitrile composites under water lubricated condition. Adv Mater Res 284—286 611-614 Fangming D, John EF, Karen IW (2003) Coagulation method for preparing single-walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites and their modulus, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. J Pol) Sci Part B Polym Phys 41(24) 3333-3338... 

Mrs. Deepalekshmi Ponnamma is doing Doctoral Research in Polymer Nanocomposites at School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India. She has about 4 years of research experience in nanomaterials and their polymer nanocomposites. Her study is mainly focussed on the properties of carbon nanotube reinforced elastomer composite systems. She has been a visiting student for many universities abroad. She has published eight papers in international journals and eight book chapters. She has participated in several international conferences and has best poster and oral presentation awards to her credit. She has edited three books as well. 

Zhang, (. and (iang, D. (2011) Interconnected multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Composites Science and Technology, 71 (4), 28 466. 

The importance of promoting better knowledge in the field of polymer composites is demonstrated by the contents of this volume, which contains 18 Independent chapters. The first part of this volume deals with the topic of structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites. In Chapter 1, Schulte et al. review the state of the art of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers. The opportunity to apply carbon nanotubes as a filler for polymers and the improvement of the mechanical and functional properties are discussed. The application of non-layered nanoparticles in polymer modification is described by M. Q. Zhang et al. in Chapter 2. A grafting polymerization technique is applied to inorganic nanoparticles, which helps to provide the composites with balanced performance. Chapter 3, authored... 

Gintert MJ, Jana SC et al (2007) A novel strategy for nanoday exfoliation in thermoset polyimide nanocomposite systems. Polymer 48 4166 Gojny FH, Nastalczyk J et al (2003) Surfaa modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT/epoxy-composites. Chem Phys Lett 370 820 Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG et al (2004) Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content. Composites Sci Tech 64 2363 Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG et al (2006) Evaluation and identification of electrical and thermal conduction mechanisms in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Polymer 47 2036... 

Recently, the utility of inorganic nanoparticles as additives to enhance the polymer performance has been established. Various nano reinforcements currently being developed are nano-clay (layered silicates),cellulose nanowhiskers, ultra fine layered titanate, and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes, however, are the most promising of the new nanomaterials. Carbon nanotube-based polymer composites are poised to exhibit exceptional mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. ... 

Biercuk MJ, Llaguno MC, Radosavljevic M, Hyun JK, Johnson AT (2002). Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced semicrystalline and amorphous polymer composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 2767-2769. 

M.L. Shofner, F.J. Rodriguez-Macfas, R. Vaidyanathan, and E.V. Barrera, Single wall nanotube and vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polymers processed by extrusion freeform fabrication, Composites Part A, 34(12) 1207-1217, December 2003. 

Lee H, Mall S, He P, Shi DL, Narasimhadevara S, Yeo-Heung Y, Shanov V, Schulz MJ (2007) Characterization of carbon nanotube/nanofiber-reinforced polymer composites using an instrumented indentation technique. Composites Part B 38 58-65... 

Hsiao, Kuang-Ting, et al., Use of Epoxy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Adhesives to Join Graphite Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites, Nanotechnology, vol. 24, July 2003, pp. 791-793. 

Carbon nanotubes can be used in reinforcing polymer matrix composites in two ways a) as the sole reinforcing phase (CNTRP), or b) as an additional reinforcing phase in conjunction with carbon fibers (CF+CNT) in a hybrid composite. Carbon nanotubes reinforced plastics (CNTRP) can be prepared by several methods, as described in section 15.1.3. Both CFRP and CNTRP composite structures can be joined using structural adhesives but machining and drilling are difficult as a result of the widely different properties of their constituents. 

Ray, S. Okamoto, M. (2003) Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites A review from Preparation to Processing. Prog. Polym. Sci Vol.28, No.ll, pp.1539-1641 Saito, T. Matsushige, K. Tanaka, K (2002) Chemical Treatment and Modification of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Physica B. Vol.323, No.1-4, pp.280-283 Seo, M. Park, S. (2004) A kinetic study on the termal degradation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced poly(p>ropylene) composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. Vol.289, No.4, pp.368-374... 

Thostenson, E.T., Ren, Z., and Chou, T.-W. (2001) Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites a review. Compos. Sci. Technol, 61 (13), 1899-1912. Holbery, J. and Houston, D. (2006) Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. JOM, 58 (11), 80-86. 

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