California hydrogen

Nicholas, M. A. and Ogden, J. (2007) Detailed analysis of urban station siting for California Hydrogen Highway Network. Transportation Research Record 2006, 1983, 129-139. 

California Hydrogen Fuel Cell Station Guidelines, September 2004. 

Kelly, James H., and Laumann, Eugene A., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, "Hydrogen Tomorrow, Demands and Technology Requirements," December, 1976, JPL 5040-1, prepared under contract NAS 7-100. 

California Hydrogen Highway Web site, State of California (http //hydrogen highway, ca. gov/). 

Like the Scot process, the BSR BEAVON Sulfur Removal Process) developed by R.M. Parsons Cie. and Union Oil Company of California hydrogenates all sulfur components of the Claus tailgases to H2S. The H2S is then removed in a Stretford unit (see Sect. 2.3.3) to obtain elemental sulfur. The clean offgases from the Stretford unit contain less than 200ppm residual sulfur and less than 5 ppm H2S. 

In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cms. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. 

The covalent, or shared electron pair, model of chemical bonding was first suggested by G N Lewis of the University of California m 1916 Lewis proposed that a sharing of two electrons by two hydrogen atoms permits each one to have a stable closed shell electron configuration analogous to helium... 

A. K. McMahan, Metallic Hydrogen Recent Theoretical Progress, report 1977, Lawrence Livermore Lab., University of California, Livermore, UCRL-79910,1977. 

H. W. Newkirk, Hydrogen Storage by Binay and Temay Intermetallicsfor Tnergy Applications—A Keview, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, 1976. 

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Hydrogen, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1994. 

A number of experimental hydrogen-powered vehicles have been built, dating back to the 1930s. Beginning in the early 1990s, zero-emission-vehicle regulations (enacted first m California and later in Massachusetts and New York) and government... 

In an attempt to develop the hydrogen bomb before the Russians, a second weapons laboratory , Lawrence Livermore, was established in July 1952 to handle the additional work that would be necessaiy to stay ahead of the Russian nuclear weapons program. The administrator chosen was the University of California. Eor the next forty-five years, this LLNL was a formidable competitor to Los Alamos in the development of nuclear weapons. But much like most of the other major national laboratories, its focus also shifted away from nuclear weapons to basic science to fields like magnetic and laser fusion energy, non-nuclear energy, biomedicine, and environmental science. By the late 1990s, half of the laboratoi y s budget was nonde-fense related as the shift away from nuclear weapons continued. 

Hydrogen gas used to power vehicles in two California experiments. 

The benzene content of FCC gasoline is typically in the range of 0.6 vol /i to 1.3 vol%. CAAA s Simple Model requires RFC to have a maximum of 1 vol% benzene. In California, the basic requirement is also 1 vol% however, if refiners are to comply with averaging provisions, the maximum is 0.8 vol%. Operationally, the benzene content of FCC gasoline can be reduced by reducing catalyst-oil contact time and catalyst-to-oil ratio. Lower reactor temperature, lower rates of hydrogen transfer, and an octane catalyst will also reduce benzene levels. 

Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946 was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and received his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1899. After a short time as professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1905-1912), he spent the rest of his career at the University of California at Berkeley (1912-1946). In addition to his work on structural theory, Lewis was the first to prepare heavy water," D20, in which the two hydrogens of water are the 2H isotope, ceuterium. 

However, some of our deer individuals from the arid Joshua Tree National Park in California indicate unusual D-enrichment. This may derive from evapotranspiration in local plants that were part of the diet of the deer and/or in the body fluids of the animals themselves, as is expected in extremely diy environments (Cormie et al., 1994c Bowen et al., 2005). Deer occupy an ecological niche that is relatively simple from the perspective of hydrogen, as their diet consists of leafy vegetation and their water is obtained from surface waters (lakes and streams) that in many cases have D values closely representing mean annual precipitation. In contrast, omnivorous and carnivorous animals consume more diverse diets with more widely varying... 

California Steel Industries, Inc., located in Fontana, CA, reclaimed wastes to increase profits and address water use issues. The facility, a steel mill, is situated in an area that does not have a ready supply of process water. Also, the offsite recycling facility used to dispose of spent process pickle liquor was soon to become unavailable. As a result of these concerns, the company constructed an onsite recycling facility designed to recover ferrous chloride for resale and to reuse water and hydrogen chloride for use in steel processing operations. Environmental benefits include the recovery and resale of 20 to 25 t/d of ferrous chloride, 13,440 L/d of hydrogen chloride, and 49,200 L/d of water. In addition, corporate liability was minimized because spent liquor was no longer sent to a disposal facility. 

NSF. 1976. Behavior of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere and its effects on vegetation. Report to the National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs, Washington, DC, by Thompson RC, California University, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Riverside, CA. Report no. NSF/RA-760398. NTIS publication no. PB-262733. 

The United States and Turkey are the world s largest producers of boron.1 Economically important sources are from the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal, which are both found in the Mojave Desert of California, with borax being the most important source there. The famous 20-Mule-Team Borax, now a part of chemistry folklore, originates from the time when teams of 20 mules used to haul colemanite from Furnace Creek in Death Valley 166 miles south to Mojave. Elemental boron in its impure form can be obtained by the reduction of the oxide B203 by magnesium, and in the pure form by the reduction of BC13 by hydrogen on hot filaments.1... 

Ogden, J.M., T. Kreutz, S. Kartha and L. Iwan, Assessment of Technologies for Producing Hydrogen from Natural Gas at Small Scale, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, University of California, Davis, CA, Draft Report, November 26,1996. 

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