Precipitation annual

Steppes and steppic regions (pampas, prairies) receive between 250 and 500 mm of precipitation annually, i.e. more than twice the quantity that falls in true desert areas where rainfall is insufficient to support a vegetation that could protect the land from erosion. 

The overall objective of the precipitation study was to (1) determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of herbicides and their degradation products in precipitation, (2) estimate the amounts of atrazine deposited by precipitation annually in individual states and over a large part of the United States, (3) relate annual deposition of atrazine to amounts applied annually, and (4) compare annual herbicide deposition by precipitation within the Mississippi River Basin to the estimated annual amount transported out of the basin in streamflow. 

Interagency Task Force on Acid Precipitation, Annual... 

Figure 13. The acid content of precipitation (annual weighted averages) with moving average at the three sampling locations of the IMI ntework. The natural background value is between 1 and 5 yg H+ IONS per liter.

The Hanford Site receives an average of 16 cm (6.25 in.) of precipitation annually. Precipitation falls mainly in the winter months, with almost half of the annual precipitation occurring between November and February. Rainfall from July through September makes up only 10 percent of the annual precipitation (DOE-RL 1990). 

Reis, J. C Oil recovery improvement through profile modification by thermal precipitation. Annual report, October 1, 1990-September 30, 1991, DOE Eossil Energy Report DOE/BC/14660-8 (DE93008776), 1991. 

The total amount of sulfur precipitated annually on land has been estimated at more than 1.0 X 10 tonnes per year. About half of this is from biological and geological... 

Precipita.tlon. Precipitation as tain, snow, sleet, or hail is governed by movement of air and is generally abundant wherever air currents are predominately upward. The greatest precipitation should therefore occur near the equator. The average annual rainfall in the United States is about 79 cm. 

The NRC Committee s estimates of catalyst use for 1972, 1974, and 1975 were 40—80% higher than the BOM s, and the former s estimates for overall use, including ceramics, electronics, and unspecified uses, were 3—39% higher. Data pubHshed by the BOM through 1980 show a precipitous decline in total annual use from ca 311 t in 1974 to ca 82 t in 1980. The decline appears to have been caused mainly by unfavorable business conditions and conservation efforts, but part of the apparent decline may stem from incomplete collection of data. 

FIG. 17-66 Electrostatic-precipitator-system model. (Nichols and Ogleshy, Electrostatic Precipitator Systems Analysis, AIChE annual meeting, 1970.)... 

Your facility is located in a semi-arid region of the United States which has an annual precipitation (including snowfall) of 12 inches of rain. (Snowfall should be converted to the equivalent inches of rain assume one foot of snow is equivalent to one inch of rain.) The area covered by your facility is 42 acres (about 170,000 square meters or 1,829,520 square feet). The area of your facility is 50 percent unimproved area, 10 percent asphaltic streets, and 40 percent concrete pavement. 

Average annual precipitation in Gunnison is 28 cm (I I in.) the typical yearly application rate is 5 dry Mg/ha (2.3 dry ton/ac). Grazing on the biosolids-treated land has increased from once to twice per year. Gunnison is also experimenting with applying grass seed with biosolids to increase production. 

In addition to the long-term acidification of waters, "episodic" or short duration events can have severe consequences for living organisms. In Canada, large amounts of the total annual precipitation are deposited through storm events or as snowfall. The large volumes of pollutants which can be released... 

Fig. 6-8 Annual precipitation patterns for the United States. Precipitation in inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm). (From Linsley et ah, 1982.)...

Baumgartner, A. and Reichel, E. (1975). "The World Water Balance Mean Annual Global, Continental and Maritime Precipitation and Run-Off." Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam. 

Fig. 7-7 (a) Average annual precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) per unit area versus latitude. Arrows represent the sense of the required water vapor flux in the atmosphere, (b) Incoming solar energy (top of atmosphere and surface) and outgoing terrestrial energy versus latitude. 

Fig. 8-11 Annual sediment yield for various land uses in northern Mississippi vs. annual precipitation. (After Ursic and Dendy, 1965.)...

Langbein, W. B. and Schumm, S. A. (1958) Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation, Trans. Am. Geoph. U. 39,1076-1084. 

Fig. 9-8 Histogram of dissolved solids of samples from the Orinoco and Amazon River basins and corresponding denudation rates for morpho-tectonic regions in the humid tropics of South America (Stal-lard, 1985). The approximate denudation scale is calculated as the product of dissolved solids concentrations, mean armual runoff (1 m/yr), and a correction factor to account for large ratios of suspended load in rivers that drain mountain belts and for the greater than average annual precipitation in the lowlands close to the equator. The correction factor was treated as a linear function of dissolved solids and ranged from 2 for the most dilute rivers (dissolved solids less than lOmg/L) to 4 for the most concentrated rivers (dissolved solids more than 1000 mg/L). Bedrock density is assumed to be 2.65 g/cm. (Reproduced with permission from R. F. Stallard (1988). Weathering and erosion in the humid tropics. In A. Lerman and M. Meybeck, Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles," pp. 225-246, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.)...

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