Calcium table

The major mineral constituents of meat are listed in Table 5-4. Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are present in relatively high amounts. Muscle tissue contains much more potassium than sodium. Meat also contains considerably more magnesium than calcium. Table 5-4 also provides information... 

The data in Tables 4,3,4,4, and 4,5 illustrate the broad applicability of urinary creatinine measurements in the I lUtritional sciences. These studies concern the excretion of urinary nitrogen (Table 4.3), calcium (Table 4.4), and riboflavin (Table... 

Unlike river water, sea water contains considerably more magnesium than calcium (Table I). Calcium is precipitated in the sea as carbonates and used by various forms of sea life to form shells. Another interesting fact about sea water is that the potassium content is nearly equivalent to the calcium content. 

In general, milk and dairy products (particularly Swiss-type cheeses), certain fruits (kiwi, oranges) and vegetables (broccoli, dried beans) as well as processed food such as chocolate exceed others such as meat, poultry or pasta in their relevance for optimal calcium nutrition (Tables 2.3-2 and 2.3-3). Since consumption of mineral water, which can contain relatively high amounts of calcium (Table 2.3-2), is increasing in industrialized countries, it becomes more and more important as a calcium source. 

The actual amount of elemental calcium that is present in the available calcium salts varies considerably however, no one particular salt has been identified as an exceptional source of elemental calcium (Table 35.8). Absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract (25-40%) improves under acidic conditions therefore, those medications that change the acidic environment of the stomach (e.g., H2 antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors) have an adverse effect on calcium absorption (3). Total daily doses of elemental calcium that exceed 500 mg should be spaced out over the day to improve absorption (5,15). The more water soluble and, therefore, more easily absorbed salts (e.g., citrate, lactate, and... 

Calcium is relative abundant in soils, and calcium rarely limits crop production per se. Low levels of exchangeable calcium in soils result in increased soil acidity, which usually results in reduced growth of most crops. Using lime applications to correct soil acidity to recommended soil pH levels will provide sufficient calcium for crops because liming materials contain calcium (Table 17.1). 

The elements in Group II of the Periodic Table (alkaline earth metals) are. in alphabetical order, barium (Ba). beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca). magnesium (Mg), radium (Ra) and strontium (Sr). 

To prepare the standard pH buffer solutions recommended by the National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), the indicated weights of the pure materials in Table 8.15 should be dissolved in water of specific conductivity not greater than 5 micromhos. The tartrate, phthalate, and phosphates can be dried for 2 h at 100°C before use. Potassium tetroxalate and calcium hydroxide need not be dried. Fresh-looking crystals of borax should be used. Before use, excess solid potassium hydrogen tartrate and calcium hydroxide must be removed. Buffer solutions pH 6 or above should be stored in plastic containers and should be protected from carbon doxide with soda-lime traps. The solutions should be replaced within 2 to 3 weeks, or sooner if formation of mold is noticed. A crystal of thymol may be added as a preservative. 

Description of Method. Salt substitutes, which are used in place of table salt for individuals on a low-sodium diet, contain KCI. Depending on the brand, fumaric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, or potassium tartrate also may be present. Typically, the concentration of sodium in a salt substitute is about 100 ppm. The concentration of sodium is easily determined by flame atomic emission. Because it is difficult to match the matrix of the standards to that of the sample, the analysis is accomplished by the method of standard additions. 

A number of elements form volatile hydrides, as shown in the table. Some elements form very unstable hydrides, and these have too transient an existence to exist long enough for analysis. Many elements do not form stable hydrides or do not form them at all. Some elements, such as sodium or calcium, form stable but very nonvolatile solid hydrides. The volatile hydrides listed in the table are gaseous and sufficiently stable to allow analysis, particularly as the hydrides are swept into the plasma flame within a few seconds of being produced. In the flame, the hydrides are decomposed into ions of their constituent elements. 

The incorporation of aluminum increases the blast effect of explosives but decreases the rates of detonation, fragmentation effectiveness, and shaped charge performance. Mixes with aluminum are made by first screening finely divided aluminum, adding it to a melted RDX—TNT slurry, and stirring until the mix is uniform. A desensitizer and calcium chloride may be incorporated, and the mixture cooled to ca 85°C then poured. Typical TNT-based aluminized explosives are the tritonals (TNT + Al), ammonals (TNT, AN, Al), minols (TNT, AN, Al) torpexes and HBXs (TNT, RDX, Al) (Table 14) (223-226). 

A broad comparison of the main types of processes, the strength and quaUty of phosphoric acid, and the form and quaUty of by-product calcium sulfate are summarized in Table 7. Because the dihydrate process is the most widely used, the quaUty of its acid and calcium sulfate and its P2O3 recovery are taken as reference for performance comparisons. Illustrative flow diagrams of the principal variations in process types have been pubUshed (39). Numerous other variations in process details ar also used (40—42). The majority of plants use a dihydrate process and some of these have production capacity up to 2100 of P2O3 per day. 

Properties. Lithium fluoride [7789-24-4] LiF, is a white nonhygroscopic crystaUine material that does not form a hydrate. The properties of lithium fluoride are similar to the aLkaline-earth fluorides. The solubility in water is quite low and chemical reactivity is low, similar to that of calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride. Several chemical and physical properties of lithium fluoride are listed in Table 1. At high temperatures, lithium fluoride hydroly2es to hydrogen fluoride when heated in the presence of moisture. A bifluoride [12159-92-17, LiF HF, which forms on reaction of LiF with hydrofluoric acid, is unstable to loss of HF in the solid form. 

Table 6 Hsts the leavening acids and the corresponding rates of reaction. The leavening acids most frequently used iaclude potassium acid tartrate, sodium aluminum sulfate, 5-gluconolactone, and ortho- and pyrophosphates. The phosphates iaclude calcium phosphate [7758-23-8] CaHPO, sodium aluminum phosphate, and sodium acid pyrophosphate (66).

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

In 1991, U.S. plant capacity for producing acetylene was estimated at 176, 000 t/yr. Of this capacity, 66% was based on natural gas, 19% on calcium carbide, and 15% on ethylene coproduct processing. Plants currendy producing acetylene in the United States are Hsted in Table 13. 

Table 14 Hsts the acetylene-producing plants in Western Europe as of 1991. Of the 782,000 t of aimual capacity, 48% is produced from natural gas, 46% from calcium carbide, 4% from naphtha, and 2% as ethylene coproduct.

Cast lead—calcium—tin alloys usually contain 0.06—0.11 wt % calcium and 0.3 wt % tin. These have excellent fluidity, harden rapidly, have a fine grain stmcture, and are resistant to corrosion. Table 4 Hsts the mechanical properties of cast lead—calcium—tin alloys and other alloys. 

Wrought lead—calcium—tin alloys contain more tin, have higher mechanical strength, exhibit greater stabiUty, and are more creep resistant than the cast alloys. RoUed lead—calcium—tin alloy strip is used to produce automotive battery grids in a continuous process (13). Table 5 Hsts the mechanical properties of roUed lead—calcium—tin alloys, compared with lead—copper and roUed lead—antimony (6 wt %) alloys. 

Lead—copper alloys are specified because of superior mechanical properties, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, and high temperature stabiUty compared to pure lead. The mechanical properties of lead—copper alloys are compared to pure lead, and to lead—antimony and lead—calcium alloys in Tables 4 and 5. 

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