Fragmentation effects

The incorporation of aluminum increases the blast effect of explosives but decreases the rates of detonation, fragmentation effectiveness, and shaped charge performance. Mixes with aluminum are made by first screening finely divided aluminum, adding it to a melted RDX—TNT slurry, and stirring until the mix is uniform. A desensitizer and calcium chloride may be incorporated, and the mixture cooled to ca 85°C then poured. Typical TNT-based aluminized explosives are the tritonals (TNT + Al), ammonals (TNT, AN, Al), minols (TNT, AN, Al) torpexes and HBXs (TNT, RDX, Al) (Table 14) (223-226). 

Persons close to blast seriously injured by lung and hearing damage, fragmentation effects, and from being thrown bodily Ear-drum rupture of almost all persons within the room... 

The blast and fragmentation effects of a BLEVE depend directly on the internal energy of the vessel s contents—a function of its thermodynamic properties and mass. This energy is potentially transformed into mechanical energy in the form of blast and generation of fragments. 

Baker, W. E., J. J. Kulesz, R. E. Richer, R. L. Bessey, P. S. Westine, V. B. Parr, and G. A. Oldham. 1975 and 1977. Workbook for Predicting Pressure Wave and Fragment Effects of Exploding Propellant Tanks and Gas Storage Vessels. NASA CR-134906. Washington NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. 

In this chapter, applications of the calculation methods used to predict the hazards of BLEVEs, as described in Chapter 6, are demonstrated in the solution of sample problems. Fire-induced BLEVEs are often accompanied by fireballs hence, problems include calculation of radiation effects. A BLEVE may also produce blast waves and propel vessel fragments for long distances. The problems include calculations for estimating these effects as well. Calculation methods for addressing each of these hazards will be demonstrated separately in the following order radiation, blast effects, and fragmentation effects. 

A liquefied propane tank truck whose volume is 6000 U.S. gallons (22.7 m ) is involved in a traffic accident, and the tank truck is engulfed by fire from burning gasoline. The tank is 90% filled with propane. Assume that all of the propane will contribute to the fireball. Radiation effects are calculated below blast and fragmentation effects for this problem will be calculated in Sections 9.2 and 9.3, respectively. 

Sphtter-ung, /. shattering, etc. (see sphttern). -wirkung, /. splinter effect, fragmentation effect. 

Olejniczak ET, Hajduk PJ, Marcotte PA et al (1997) Stromelysin inhibitors designed from weakly bound fragments effects of linking and cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 119 5828-5832... 

Failure of a vessel containing a liquid at a temperature above its atmospheric boiling point may produce a BLEVE, with resulting blast and fragment effects. If flammable material is involved, a BLEVE may also produce a fireball. 

Uncontrolled chemical reactions (e.g., polymerization) can release sufficient energy to cause a failure of the containment system, leading to blast and fragment effects. 

A rapid loss of containment of a pressurized gas or vapor (not necessarily flammable material), called a PV rupture (a type of physical explosion), may produce fragment effects as well as a blast wave as the rapidly expanding fluid compresses the surrounding air. If the material released is flammable, a PV rupture may also be followed by a fireball. 

Some substances can release significant heat if they decompose. Under certain conditions, this decomposition can cause a condensed-phase explosion, which can cause a failure of the containment system, creating blast as well as fragment effects. Some condensed-phase materials decompose in a denotative manner and are capable of producing blast effects even when not initially confined. 

Any of the above blast, fire, or fragment effects have the potential to impact process plant buildings and their occupants. 

BLEVEs/Pressure-volume Ruptures/Physical Explosions. Rapid loss of containment of materials confined under pressure at temperatures above their normal boiling point may result in a BLEVE, with blast, radiant heat (if flammable material is involved), as well as fragment effects. These effects can be experienced for considerable distances, depending upon the types and volumes of material stored. 

Catastrophic rupture of a pressure vessel as a result of a PV rupture or physical explosion may also result in blast and fragment effects. 

Total containment of blast and fragmentation effects In the event of a detonation. 

The HE shell may be designed primarily for fragmentation effect, obtained through dispersion of the fragments at high velocity, or for demolition effect produced by the blast of the HE, or a combination of these effects... 

Fragmentation. Term applied to ammunition, indicates that the item is primarily intended to produce a fragmentation effect Ref Glossary of Ordn (1959), 122-L... 

It can be seen from the structures shown in Figure 3.1 that the nonpolar parts of a molecule are essentially hydrocarbon fragments. Effects of the nonpolar parts of the molecular structure on... 

Olejniczak, E. T., Hajduk, P. J., Marcotte, P. A., Nettesheim, D. G, Meadows, R. P., Edalji, R., Holzman, T. F., and Fesik, S. W. (1997). Stromelysin Inhibitors designed from weakly bound fragments effects of linking and cooperativity. Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, 5828-5832. 

The destructive (fragmentation) effect of an explosion becomes stronger if the explosive is confined (stemmed) in an enclosure such as a borehole. In the absence of natural confinement, the explosive charge is often embedded in an inert material such as clay. See also -> Mud Cap and -> Stemming. 

The addition of 15% total explosive weight of R.D.X. or P.E.T.N. (from det. cord) will give this explosive the same amount of power as T.N.T., but the bristance or fragmentation effectiveness will be greater than T.N.T.. I also believe that the addition of 20% bullseye smokeless powder will do nearly the same thing. The undehydrated liquid could also be used as a sensitizer for slurries. 

---