Effect calcium salts, table

Ringer s Lactate. In 1883, it was discovered that the excised ventricle of the frog would beat for some hours if suppHed with an aqueous solution of sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. The concentration of potassium and calcium was found to be critical, whereas the amounts of the anions had htde effect on the frog heart. The composition of this saline, coined Ringer s solution, is given in Table 1. Many years later it was shown to be very close to that of frog plasma. 

Since commercial products are mixtures of homologs they are more soluble than the pure components due to the solubilizing effect of the short-chain homologs as mentioned above. Table 5 shows the solubility in water of calcium salts of alcohol sulfates at 25°C [73]. 

The presence of salts of univalent and bivalent cations increases, by several-fold, the activity of pectinesterases from higher plants, which is minimal in the absence of salts.38,50,57,6, 63,64 66,69,7° The activating effect of salts on pectinesterases of microbial origin is not so great, an increase by 1.5- to 2-fold being reported.51 56,63 76-78,80 Table III shows the concentrations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride that caused the maximal activation of pectinesterases of plant and microbial origin. The mechanism of activation has not yet been satisfactorily explained. 

The concentration of (EDTA) ", and thus the ability to complex metal ions, will depend upon the pH. A decrease in pH results in an increase in the deprotonation of EDTA and hence an increase in the concentration of the ED I A ion. The effect of this is that only metal ions with a very high affinity for EDTA will be able to form stable complexes. The stability constants for the EDTA and [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid] - (DTPA ) complexes with some important metal ions that are of particular interest for chelation therapy are listed in Table 7.3. It is important to note that the stability of the EDTA and DTPA complexes with toxic metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium, or plutonium are quite similar to those with essential metals such as zinc, cobalt or copper however, the Ca complex is many orders of magnitude lower. This has important implications for chelation therapy. First, the mobilization and excretion of zinc and other essential metals are likely to be increased, along with that of the toxic metal during EDTA treatment and secondly, the chelation of the ionic calcium in the blood, that can cause tetany and even death, can be avoided by administering the chelator as the calcium salt. 

Coating segments with an edible alginate film utilizing a calcium salt hardener provided sufficient calcium to effectively firm soft, late season segments (Table VI). Calcium supplied by the hardener increased segment firmness 54%, and membrane shear, 50% over controls. An additional 5% calcium in the hardener further increased segment firmness and membrane shear over control values, by 89 and 85%, respectively. 

Becanse acid-pepsin disease rarely occurs in the absence of gastric acid and pepsin, antacids are highly effective in its overall management. Antacids consist of a mixtnre of magnesium, aluminum, and calcium compounds (see Table 4). Their efficacy is based on their inherent ability to react with and neutralize gastric acid. Sodium bicarbonate, which may leave the stomach rapidly, can cause alkalosis and sodium retention. Calcium salts may produce hypercalcemia, which can be detrimental in patients with impaired renal function. Aluminum salts may decrease the absorption of tetracyclines and anticholinergic drugs. 

Tables 63-6.5 list some of the causes that affect plasma calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Increased plasma calcium concentration may occur when the xeno-biotic specifically targets calcium metabolism, behaves similarly to vitamin D, and causes hyperparathyroidism or renal disease. Lead and cadmium enter bone and inhibit bone growth, increase calcium release from bone, and inhibit renal tubular reabsorption of calcium salts lead inhibits the renal bioactivation of 25-hydroxy-cholecaliciferol (Sauk and Somerman 1991). In longer-term studies, increased plasma calcium may be associated with tumor burden. Because roughly half of circulating calcium is bound to plasma albumin, hypercalcemia can also arise from dehydration. Hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, and renal disease can reduce plasma calcium. Acidosis increases plasma-ionized calcium concentrations, whereas alkalosis causes a decrease due to the effects of pH in the ECF or on protein binding.

The actual amount of elemental calcium that is present in the available calcium salts varies considerably however, no one particular salt has been identified as an exceptional source of elemental calcium (Table 35.8). Absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract (25-40%) improves under acidic conditions therefore, those medications that change the acidic environment of the stomach (e.g., H2 antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors) have an adverse effect on calcium absorption (3). Total daily doses of elemental calcium that exceed 500 mg should be spaced out over the day to improve absorption (5,15). The more water soluble and, therefore, more easily absorbed salts (e.g., citrate, lactate, and... 

Caustic soda, without sequestering agents, is used by some breweries to clean stainless steel equipment but this normally leads to problems with residues of calcium salts that cling tenaciously to the metal. It is therefore normal to formulate a detergent mixture capable of removing, readily and entirely, the various soils encrusted on the stainless steel internal surface. Hot caustic soda solution itself will dissolve protein, lipid, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, mucilage, gums, pectins and tannins. The effects of caustic soda and the various compounds that may be added to it in solution are indicated in Table 21.3. 

A number of mineral-based substances display an adjuvant effect. Although calcium phosphate, calcium chloride and salts of various metals (e.g. zinc sulfate and cerium nitrate) display some effect, aluminium-based substances are by far the most potent. Most commonly employed are aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate (Table 13.13). Their adjuvanticity, coupled to their proven safety, render them particularly valuable in the preparation of vaccines for young children. They have been incorporated into millions of doses of such vaccine products so far. 

Table VIII. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SALTING-OUT OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS... 

Also, for a given oxidiser anion, copper salts yield more heat than lead compounds, which in turn yield more than sodium, potassium, calcium or barium compounds. In practice, copper salts are not commonly used because of the difficulty involved in their ignition. However, the choice of oxidants and fuels for pyrotechnic effects is extensive, as shown in Tables 10.3 and 10.4. 

Table I summarizes the effect of such nitrates on the azeotropic composition in the nitric acid-water system. Addition of potassium nitrate increases the azeotropic composition, but other nitrates decrease it, the amount by which the azeotrope is displaced being proportional to the amount of nitrate added. The azeotrope is eliminated completely at salt concentrations of 45, 48, 54, or 64% by weight for addition of magnesium, zinc, lithium, or calcium nitrates respectively.

The major ions in different organs and body fluids of euryhaline fish have been studied by a number of authors. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and chloride were usually more concentrated in fish taken from sea water than in those from fresh water, the effect being shown in blood, kidney, liver, various secondary muscles and urine. The trend was less clear in the case of swimming muscle, as were the values for calcium (reviewed by Love, 1970, Table 30). All the ions mentioned above were much more concentrated in the urine of the fish from the sea, urine being one channel by which these salts are excreted. A fish with remarkable ability to control its internal milieu is the tilapia, in which the total sodium in the body increases by only 30% when it is transferred from fresh water to doublestrength sea water (Potts et al., 1967). 

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