Calcium chloride sodium carbonate

Sodium chloride is found in salt beds, salt brines, and sea water throughout the world, and it is also mined is some locations. Consequently, sodium chloride is the source of numerous other sodium compounds. A large portion of the sodium chloride utilized is consumed in the production of sodium hydroxide (Eq. (11.23)). The production of sodium metal involves the electrolysis of the molten chloride, usually in the form of a eutectic mixture with calcium chloride. Sodium carbonate is an important material that is used in many ways such as making glass. It was formerly produced from NaCl by means of the Solvay process, in which the overall reaction is... 

Let us examine the calcium chloride/sodium carbonate reaction, and write it in the form of a chemical equation ... 

Calcium chloride Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sorbitol... 

The Leblanc process was replaced by the ammonia soda (Solvay - 1860 ) process, in which sodium chloride brine is treated with ammonia and carbon dioxide to produce sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride. Sodium carbonate is obtained from the bicarbonate by heating. Ammonium chloride treated with lime gives calcium chloride and ammonia. The chlorine in the original salt becomes calcium chloride that is used for melting snow and ice. The ammonia is reused in the process (99.9% recovery). 

The metal chlorides normally used as chlorinating agents are the low-cost reagents sodium chloride and calcium chloride. Silicates, carbonates and sulfates can be chloridized... 

Sodium nitrate + sodium sulfate Sodium nitrate + calcium chloride Potassium carbonate + retarder Calcium nitrate + sodium sulfate... 

Phosphorus trichloride, Aluminum chloride. Methyl chloride, Methylene chloride, Hydrochloric acid, Isopropyl alcohol, Toluene, Pyridine, Calcium chloride Sodium cyanide, Carbon tetrachloride, Ethyl alcohol,... 

Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Chlorine gas. Methylene chloride. Calcium chloride Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Chlorine gas. Chloroform, Calcium chloride Dimethoxy ethane, Nitrate trihydrate. Liquid hydrogen cyanide 3-Pyridol, Ethylmethylamine, Formaldehyde, Pyridine, Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, Sodium carbonate, Chloroform, Sodium sulfate, 1,10-Dibromodecane, Acetone, Acetonitrile, Charcoal, Ethyl acetate... 

Sodium chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium sulphate, Calcium sulphate, Mono- and Di-basic potassium phosphate, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium sulphate, Lithium chloride Organic osmotic agents... 

Materials Sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, potassium chlorate, calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide. 

Directions a) Determine by testing with litmus paper whether solutions of the following salts show a neutral, acidic, or basic reaction sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate, calcium chloiide, sodium sulphide, copper sulphate, ferric chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium acetate. (1) Tabulate the results and state in the case of each salt the strength (weak or strong) of the acid and the base from which the salt is derived. 

Materials Dilute soap solution, marble, lime water, solutions of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, ferric chloride, calcium sulphate, sodium carbonate, and borax. 

Of particularly high selectivity is the method for trace water concentration on a column containing salts that form crystal hydrates (e.g., lithium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium hydrogen sulphate), which readily lose water when heated [70]. To increase the sensitivity water was converted into carbon monoxide, which could subsequently be hydrogenated to methane and detected with a flame-ionization detector. 

Methylene dichloride is prepared by chlorination of methane and thus contains chloroform and carbon tetrachloride as impurities. Water can be removed by drying over sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium carbonate, or phosphoric oxide. Further purification can be achieved by prior washing with, successively, water, concentrated sulfuric acid, water, sodium hydroxide solution, and again water. 

Lead acetate as a 2 Ab solution (26.7 g to 100 g of water) Silver nitrate as a 2 % solution (store in the dark) Calcium chloride Sodium hydroxide Ammonium molybdate Ammonium sulfate Sodium carbonate (anhydrous)... 

Sea-water contains considerable amounts of soluble salts, particularly sodium chloride, which is present in concentrations from 1 to 25 7o. The North Sea, for example, contains about 3% sodium chloride, 0-47% magnesium sulphate, 0-2<7o magnesium chloride and 0 1 7o calcium chloride. The carbon dioxide content is about 0-0(X)S to0-01<7o and the pH is between 7 6 and 8 1. The high chloride content would tend to increase the rate of corrosion, and this usually takes the form of pitting under these conditions. The corrosive influence of the chloride ions is, however, inhibited by the presence of magnesium and calcium ions by virtue of the formation of a protective layer of magnesium and calcium salts (calcareous scale). 

Methylene chloride. The commercial substance is purified by washing with 5 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, followed by water, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, and then fractionated. The fraction, b.p. 40-41°, is collected. 

Commercial diethyl carbonate may be purified by the following process. Wash 100 ml. of diethyl carbonate successively with 20 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, 20 ml. of saturated calcium chloride solution, and 25 ml. of water. Allow to stand for one hour over anhydrous calcium chloride with occasional shaking, filter into a dry fiask containing 5 g. of the same desiccant, and allow to stand for a further hour. Distil and collect the fraction boiling at 125-126°. Diethyl carbonate combines with anhydrous calcium chloride slowly and prolonged contact should therefore be avoided. Anhydrous calcium sulphate may also be used. 

Allyl Bromide. Introduce into a 1-litre three-necked flask 250 g. (169 ml.) of 48 per cent, hydrobromic acid and then 75 g. (40-5 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid in portions, with shaking Anally add 58 g. (68 ml.) of pure allyl alcohol (Section 111,140). Fit the flask with a separatory funnel, a mechanical stirrer and an efficient condenser (preferably of the double surface type) set for downward distillation connect the flask to the condenser by a wide (6-8 mm.) bent tube. Place 75 g. (40 5 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid in the separatory funnel, set the stirrer in motion, and allow the acid to flow slowly into the warm solution. The allyl bromide will distil over (< 30 minutes). Wash the distillate with 5 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, followed by water, dry over anhydrous calcium chloride, and distil from a Claisen flask with a fractionating side arm or through a short column. The yield of allyl bromide, b.p. 69-72°, is 112 g. There is a small high-boiling fraction containing propylene dibromide. 

Mix 30 g. (38 ml.) of iaopropyl alcohol with 450 g. (265 ml.) of constant boiling point hydriodic acid (57 per cent.) (Section 11,49,2) in a 500 ml. distilling flask, attach a condenser for downward distillation, and distil slowly (1-2 drops per second) from an air bath (compare Fig. II, 5, 3). When about half the liquid has passed over, stop the distillation. Separate the lower layer of crude iodide (80 g.). Redistil the aqueous layer and thus recover a further 5 g. of iodide from the flrst quarter of the distillate (1). Wash the combined iodides with an equal volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid, then, successively, with water, 5 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, and water. Dry with anhydrous calcium chloride and distil. The isopropyl iodide distils constantly at 89°. 

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