Broadleaf Trees

A list of common decay fungi on broadleaf trees is presented in Table 

Fomes fomentarius is a parasitic fungus of beech trees from which several benzotropolone pigments (42-45) and an unusual dicarboxylic acid (46) have been reported 33-36) (Chart 9). 

A series of highly oxygenated bitter triterpenoids, ganoderenic acids 47-51 and furanoganoderic acid (52) (Chart 10) have been found in 

Armillaria ostoyae (Romag.) Herink = A. obscurafTexs.) Herink Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.iFr.) Karst = Polyporus adusta Willd. Fr. 

Cerrena unicolor (Bull.iFr.) Murr. = Daedalea unicolor Bull. Fr. 

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To illustrate this distribution, Figure 1 shows the result of an actual aerial application of a typical pesticide spray to a broadleafed tree species (3). The "application level" (A) simply assumes that all the spray leaving the aircraft becomes uniformly distributed over the target area (1.12 kg/ha), and the curve shows the parathion levels analytically detected on a statistical sampling of leaves. A major part of the applied pesticide (B) fails to reach the canopy, as corroborated by Barry (2) with conifers, and is assumed to represent airborne drift, volatilization, and, to a lesser extent, penetration to the ground. Once on the... 

Solomon, J. D. (1995). Guide to insect borers of North American broadleaf trees and shrubs. Agricultural Handbook 706, Washington, DC US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

Evergrccn-needleleaf trees 4 Deciduous broadleaf trees 6 Grass 8 Desert... 

Table 2. Some Common Decay Fungi of Broadleaf Trees...

Researchers in China used landscape modeling to analyze the effects of climate warming on the forest ecosystem in Changbai Natural Reserve. Among items of interest was the rate at which Korean pine, spruce, and fir would be displaced by broadleaf trees. 

N, Needleleaf tree L, broadleaf tree B, bleaching K, S, type of chemical treatment T, chemical treatment P, pulp... 

Evergreen needleleaf trees Evergreen broadleaf trees Deciduous needleleaf trees Deciduous broadleaf trees Tropical broadleaf trees Drought deciduous trees Evergreen broadleaf shrubs Deciduous shrubs Thom... 

Even that kind of information is not available for forest species. Other than chronic injury to white pine (associated with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures), no clearly defined examples of chronic injury from ozone have been reported for eastern forests, and no information is available on PAN. It is of interest that both Virginia and jack pine appear more sensitive than white pine to acute ozone exposures, but chronic symptoms have not been observed in either species. The relationship between oxidant dose and injury in the San Bernardino Mountains area suggests that ponderosa pine is moderately to severely injured in areas that receive oxidant at above 0.08 ppm for 12-13 h each day (Chapter 12). Ponderosa pine seems to be the most sensitive western pine, but in some areas Jeffrey pine is about as sensitive. White fir, incense cedar, and sugar pine all appear more tolerant, even to the high oxidant concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains. PAN may play some role in the chronic responses noted in the western forest species, particularly by broadleaf deciduous trees and some shrubs. 

These materials seem best adapted for deweeding coniferous tree species, such as pines and junipers, which have considerable resistance to the oil sprays. Broadleaf species such as elm and walnut are seriously damaged or killed by moderate dosages of the oil sprays, and much research is needed to find if any of this group of plants are sufficiently resistant to warrant use of the mineral spirits as a selective herbicide. 

Ametryn, another triazine herbicide, was previously used for weed control in citrus. This herbicide first appeared in recommendations in 1979 for control of broadleaf weeds, annual grasses, and some perennial grasses. Ametryn was recommended at use rates of 3.6-7.2kg a.i./ha, with a maximum of 5.4kg a.i./ha for both shallow, poorly drained flatwood soils (soils having more organic matter and clay) and bedded groves (trees planted on raised beds). It was recommended that ametryn should not be applied to trees less than 2 years old. Between 1984 and 1988 the application rates were increased to 7.2-10.8kg a.i./ha, with the annual rate not to exceed 13.6kg a.i./ha, and with lower rates... 

Uses herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in cotton, beans, barley, rice, soybeans, alliums, vines, ornamentals and orchards of fruit and nut trees also to control suckers on tobacco. 

Uses herbicides/insecticides pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover, trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries, vineyards and other crops for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of insect pests on fruit trees also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops destruction of potato haulms as a pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc. 

Uses herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in cotton, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, vegetables, capsicums, okra, soybeans, groundnuts, tobacco, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, bush fruit, strawberries, forestry nurseries, and ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. 

Uses nonselective, post-emergent, broad spectrum herbicide to control annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broadleaf, and emerged aquatic weeds also used to control insects on fruit trees. 

Synonym Compitox, Duplosan, Hedonal, Iso-Cornox, Kilprop, MCPP, Mecopex, Mepro, Methoxone, Propal Chemical Name ( )-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid ( )-2-(4-chloro-otolyl-oxy)propionic acid Uses herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, rye, herbage seed crops, grassland, and under fruit trees and vines, etc. 

Chemical Name 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-l-methylurea Af,-(4-chlorophenyl)-Ar-methoxy-Ar-methylurea Uses herbicide for pre- or post-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in asparagus, berry fruit, cereals, maize, field beans, vines, leeks, onions, potatoes, herbs, lucerne, flowers, ornamental shrubs and trees, etc. 

Chemical Name 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzene-sulfonamide 3,5-dinitro-lV, A -dipropylsulfanilamide Uses herbicide for pre-emergence control of many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cotton, fruit trees, vines, nut trees, soybeans, groundnuts, oilseed rape, sunflowers, lucerne, peas, sweet potatoes, mint, ornamentals and also used in noncrop areas. 

Synonym Albrass, Bexton, CIPA, CP 31393, Niticid, Propachlore, Prolex, Ramrod, Satecid Chemical Name 2-chloro-AL(l-methylethyl)-Af-phenylacetamide 2-chloro-V-isopropyl-acetanilide Uses selective pre-emergence herbicide to control most annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in brassicas, corn, cotton, flax, leeks, maize, milo, onions, peas, roses, ornamental trees and shrubs, soybeans, and sugar cane. 

Another example of a trifluoromethyl heteroaryl-containing herbicide is di-thiopyr (Dimension ) [72], Structure-activity studies have demonstrated that a fluorinated alkyl group is required for optimum activity at the 2 and/or 6 positions of the pyridine ring [73], Thiazopyr (Mandate , Visor ), a herbicide related to dithiopyr, was introduced by Monsanto in 1992 and later sold to Rohm and Haas. It is used for the pre-emergence control of annual grass and a few broadleaf weeds in tree fruit, vines, sugar cane, and other crops. 

Uses Napropamide is a slightly toxic amide herbicide. It is grouped by the USEPA under GUP.13 Napropamide is a selective systemic amide herbicide used to control a number of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It also is applied to soil growing vegetables, fruit trees and bushes, vines, strawberries, sunflowers, tobacco, olives, and other crops. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, granules, and suspension concentrates.12... 

Terpenes (CinH,fi) Trees (broadleaf and paints, gasoline, solvents... 

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