Berberine chloride

Dipping solution Dissolve 10 mg berberine chloride in 100 ml ethanol. Storage The dipping solution may be kept for several days. 

FIG. 22 Chemical structures of (a) dextromethorphan hydrobromide, (b) papaverine hydrochloride, (c) quinine hydrochloride, and (d) berberine chloride. 

FIGURE 6.14 Chromatograms obtained for sample mix using acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (40 60 v/v) pH 7.8 using Inertsil ODS 3 V (25 x 0.46 cm, 5 xm particles), in the temperatnre range 30-60°C. Peaks (1) benzylamine, (2) bteN (3) berberine chloride, (4) quinine, (5) protriptyline, (6) nortriptyline. Flow rate 1 mLmin . Sample volume 5 xL, sample mass 0.1 p.g, UV detection at 210 nm. Mobile phase acetonitrile-phosphate buffer pH (40 60 v/v). 

Synonym. Berberine Chloride C20H, 8C1N04,2H20 = 407.8 CAS—-633-65-8 (anhydrous) 5956-60-5 (dihydrate)... 

Figure 4-39. Effect of temperature on ionizable analyte retention at pH 7.8 nsing a ODS3V column in temperature range 30-60°C. (1) Benzylamine 8.96,30°C). (2) BteN (quaternary amine), (3) berberine chloride, (4) qninine (4p.K), 8.3,30°C) (5) protriptyline 10.0, 30°C) (6) nortriptyline Q,pKa 9.1, 30°C). Flow rate ImL/min.

Berberine chloride exhibited reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties against both H1V-1RT (p66/p51)(Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptaseXIC50 60.9 pg/ml [163.8 (J.M]) and HIV-2RT (p68/p55)(Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase)(IC o 57.8 pg/ml [155.5 pM]). The alkaloid is thought to inhibit various RNA and DNA polymerizing enzymes via interaction with nucleic acid template-primers [212]. 

In order to study the structure-activity relationships of phenolics as regards xanthine oxidase inhibition, berberine and eleven other naturally occurring phenolics were tested. The ICJ0 of berberine chloride was 170.74 pM, while that of quercetin (the most potent compound evaluated) was 7.23 pM [216]. 

Berberine chloride was tested for in vitro activity against the epimastigotes of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Costa Rican strain). This organism is the causative agent of Chagas Disease. The alkaloid was found to inhibit the growth of the epimastigotes at concentrations of both 5 pg/ml and 50 pg/ml [224]. 

Berberine chloride was evaluated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (two clones of human malaria Plasmodium falciparum D-6 [Sierra Leone clone] and W-2 (Indochina clone) and Plasmodium berghei in vivo (mice). The alkaloid exhibited an antimalarial potency equivalent to that of quinine in vitro, but was inactive in vivo. The results were consistent with those of others who have found berberine to be a potent inhibitor in vitro of both nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis in P. falciparum, and have demonstrated a strong interaction of berberine with DNA. In addition, the lack of in vivo antimalarial activity in mice observed with berberine and other protoberberine alkaloids agrees with clinical reports that have claimed berberine to be inactive as an antimalarial drug [228]. 

Berberine chloride was evaluated in the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase assay and found to be moderately active (50 pg/ml < IC50 < 150 pg/ml)[229]. 

Berberine chloride was evaluated for in vitro activity against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium intracellularae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Saccharomyces cerevasiae, as well as representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The alkaloid was found to exhibit moderate to good antifungal activity, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined as follows Candida albicans (0.39 pg/ml) ... 

Cryptococcus neoformans (1.56 pg/ml) and Mycobacterium intracellularae (1.56 pg/ml). However, berberine chloride did not exhibit sufficient qualitative activity against bacteria to warrant the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration determinations [231]. 

The antimicrobial effect of berberine chloride was evaluated on a large number of microorganisms. A marked inhibitory activity was observed on various Candida species, and a lesser effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and a diphtherioid [237],... 

Some protoberberine and structurally related alkaloids were tested for inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and human sputum elastase (HSE). Berberine chloride significantly inhibited the elastolytic activity of both enzymes, but tetrahydroberberine had no effect. It appears that the quaternary nitrogen atom of these alkaloids plays an important role in the inhibition of elastolytic activity. The amidolytic activity of the elastases was not affected by any of the test alkaloids [240]. 

Berberine chloride, as well as a series of twenty other pharmacologically active agents, was evaluated in a new microplate assay for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp Artemia salina, and shown to furnish comparable results to those previously published in the test-tube method. The assay reliably detected all of the compounds toxic to KB cells in a series of twenty-one pharmacologically active agents, except for two which required metabolic activation in humans [241],... 

Berberine chloride was demonstrated to possess significant cytotoxic activity against cultured P-388 (murine lymphocytic leukemia) cells, in addition to three human cancer cell lines BC1 (breast cancer) - EDJ0 2.7 pM) HT-1080 (fibrosarcoma) - ED50 2.4 pM) and KB (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) - EDJ0 8.4 pM)[336]. 

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