Larvae mortality

Zootoxicity of hemoiedemosides A (72) and B (73) from Hemoiedema spectabilis and their desulfated derivative 74 were evaluated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina larvae mortality bioassay [51]. Hemoiedemoside A (72) showed a noteworthy toxicity in this assay (LC50 47.5 ppm). Hemoiedemoside B (73) was 2 times less active (LC50 47.5 ppm) than glycoside 72 and nearly 10 times more active than the desulfated derivative 74 (LC50... 

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the Patagonian starfish Anasterias minuta using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae mortality assay led us to the isolation of three sulfated... 

Spermidine plus malathion application resulted in a 13-fold increase in toad larvae mortality, while spermidine alone had no effect on the enzyme. I66l... 

Toxicological effects of these effluent chloroorganics on fish and crustaceans include reduced gonad size, disorientation, high level of embryo and skeletal deformities, high parental and larvae mortality, steroid hormone imbalance, many physiological dysfunctions, disruptions in enzyme levels, liver enlargement, and fin and gUl erosion. 

Mortality in larch sawfly larvae May be partially responsible for gut cell destruction... 

The data used are given in Table I. The elimination rate constants included were determined at 20° C. (5). The toxicity to mosquito larvae, given as median lethal dosages (concentration in parts per million of water required to cause 50% mortality in 48 hours), was estimated from the data of Deonier et al. (9) and is probably reproducible to within 30%. 

Stromgren, T. and M.V. Nielsen. 1991. Spawning frequency, growth and mortality of Mytilus edulis larvae, exposed to copper and diesel oil. Aquat. Toxicol. 21 171-180. 

As above 4.3 and higher In larvae, increased mortality, deformation of body axis, paralysis, and opaque eyes 39... 

Larvae 250 Increasing incidence of abnormal development and mortality 12... 

MOLLUSCS Clam, Anodonta cygnea Larvae exposed for 24 days showed molt rate as in controls, but high mortality immediately after ecdysis reduced growth of survivors 16... 

R. harrisii, larvae 0.001-0.005 50% mortality prior to zoeal stage 4... 

Host resistance Bacterial models—Listeria monocytogenes (mortality or spleen clearance) Streptococcus species (mortality) Viral models—influenza (mortality) Parasitic models—Plasmodium yoelii (parasitemia) or Trichinella spiralis (muscle larvae counts and worm expulsion) Syngeneic tumor models—PYB6 sarcoma (tumor incidence) B16F10 melanoma (lung burden). 

Significant concentrations of cyanotoxins have been found to accumulate in the tissues of macroinvertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans, presenting an indirect route of exposure for invertebrates, fish, and aquatic mammals at higher trophic levels (Negri and Jones 1995). In natural systems, mortality among benthic invertebrate herbivores is probably low because most bloom-forming bacteria are planktonic and only periodically come into contact with the benthos. Nevertheless, Kotak et al. (1996) determined that enhanced mortality of snails at the end of a bloom cycle in Canadian lakes was due to consumption of Microcystis cells that had formed a scum on the surface of macrophytes. Oberemm et al. (1999) found that aqueous microcystins, saxitoxins, and anatoxin-a all resulted in developmental delays in fish and salamander embryos. Interestingly, more severe malformations and enhanced mortality were observed when larvae were exposed to crude cyanobacterial extracts than to pure toxins applied at natural concentrations (Oberemm et al. 1999). 

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