Erythroxylon coca

Tropane Group. SolanaceOus Alkaloids, Convolvine and Allied Alkaloids, Dioscorine, Alkaloids of Coca Leaves (Erythroxylon coca). ... 

The coca bush Erythroxylon coca, native to upland rain forest areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and western Brazil, is the source of the alkaloid cocaine. 

Many alkaloids have pronounced biological properties, and a substantial number of the pharmaceutical agents used today are derived from naturally occurring amines. As a few examples, morphine, an analgesic agent, is obtained from the opium poppy Papaver somnifemm. Cocaine, both an anesthetic and a central nervous system stimulant, is obtained front the coca bush Erythroxylon coca, endemic to upland rain forest areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and western Brazil. Reserpine, a tranquilizer and antihypertensive, comes from powdered roots of the semitropical plant Rauwolfia serpentina. Ephedrine, a bronchodilator and decongestant, is obtained front the Chinese plant Ephedra sinica. 

One of the most common psychostimulants, cocaine, is derived from the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) and has a long history as a stimulant. It has been used for centuries in Bolivia and Peru as a tonic and other preparations to alleviate fatigue (Siegel 1985 Hill et al. 1977). 

Cocaine A potent psychostimulant with local anaesthetic properties extracted from the South American plant Erythroxylon coca. 

Cocaine is derived from the coca plant Erythroxylon coca. This drug is a water soluble alkaloid that is readily absorbed through mucous membranes. Cocaine s activity is due... 

Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a small shrublike tree that grows to 5 m in height. The leaves are oval, green, and tough, growing 5 cm in length and 2.5 cm in width (Robbers et al. 1996 Gruenwald et al. 1998). The... 

Coca Erythroxylon coca). Reprinted from Culbreth DMR. (1927). Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy, 7th ed. Philadelphia Lea Febiger. 

Figure 2.14 Two common tropane alkaloids in Solanum spp. (a) atropine Datura), and (b) cocaine (Erythroxylon coca).

Cocaine is obtained from the coca tree (Erythroxylon coca). It has had a legitimate medical use as a local anaesthetic but has now been superseded by more effective and safer agents. Ecstasy, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a synthetic amphetamine with no medical use. 

This holds true especially for the alkaloid cocaine from Erythroxylon coca. Cocain has various mechanisms of action it is a local anaesthetic and an indirect, central acting sympathomimetic. It increases the effects of released or externally applied catecholamines but reduce the effect of other indirect sympathomimetic drugs. 

Cocaine is an alkaloid found in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, a shrub indigenous to the Andes. For more than 100 years, it has been extracted and used in clinical medicine, mainly as a local anesthetic and to dilate pupils in ophthalmology. Sigmund Freud famously proposed its use to treat depression and alcohol dependence, but addiction quickly brought an end to this idea. 

Local anaesthetic and CNS stimulant Cocaine. Alkaloid from leaves of Erythroxylon coca narcotic agent... 

Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid obtained from the plant Erythroxylon coca L. This plant grows in the Andes region of South America, ideally at elevations between 1500 and 5000 ft.1 A second closely related species has been identified, Erythroxylon novogranatense H., and each species has one variety known as E. coca var. ipadu Plowman and E. coca novogranatense van... 

Cuscohygrine was isolated in 1889 from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca and the structure established by Liebermann. Later, it was reported to be a minor component of many other Solanaceae alkaloids.31 Like related alkaloids, cuscohygrine epimerizes readily so that it has never been obtained as an optically active material. In contrast, naturally occurring dihydrocuscohygrine isolated by Turner in 198132 occurs in different Solanaceae species as the (-)-enantiomer. 

What does cocaine do in the brain First, it binds to sodium ion channels and blocks them from functioning. This action stops the flow of action potentials and prevents neurons from communicating with each other. Cocaine also blocks the conduction of pain signals, which explains why, after it was isolated from the coca plant ((Erythroxylon coca) in 1855, it was used as a local anesthetic, including for the eye and for toothaches. But ultimately, its anesthetic actions would be discovered to have... 

Pyrrolidine occurs free in small quantities in tobacco and opium and is related to its mother substance pyrrole (Figure 11.2). To this group belong such alkaloids as hygrine from Erythroxylon coca and stachydrine from Stachys tuberifera (Figure 11.3). 

The leaves of Erythroxylon coca, the divine plant of the Incas, contain a local anesthetic and a psychostimulant. Erythroxylaceae is a very small family, represented by two genera, the more important of which is Erythroxylon. They are mostly tropical shrubs with entire leaves and 5-merous flowers, and the fruit is a 1-seeded, reddish drupe resembling that of dogwood. The anatomy of the plants of this family closely resembles that of the Linaceae. Of special interest is the development of papillae on the dorsal surface of the leaves. This is found in most species of Erythroxylon. 

Coca. Cocaina. Cocaine, Erythroxylon coca, Lamarck and other species are sources. An alkaloid is obtained from the leaves. 

Cocaine is the most potent naturally occurring stimulant. It is found as an alkaloid (nitrogen-containing organic base) in the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca trees in the Andes Mountains. Coca leaves contain 0.5-1.8% cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine or BZ) that can be refined to nearly 100% purity. Research indicates that the plant produces cocaine to kill insects that prey on it. In humans, it is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. 

Cocaine is a major alkaloidal component from the Andean bush Erythroxylon coca. Leaves of this plant are chewed by Andean Indians to decrease the feeling of hunger and fatigue there is little evidence that dependence is caused by this means of administration. A major health problem arises, however, when cocaine is used in industrialized countries. Thus in the US over 20 million people are estimated to use the drug, by nasal administration ("snorting"), injection of the salts, or smoking the free alkaloid ("crack"). 

Because of decreased demand, cocaine is also obtained as a by-product in the preparation of a decocained extract of Erythroxylon coca, this being one of the principal flavors of cola beverages. The procedure is to alkalize the Erythroxylon coca and extract all the alkaloids with toluene. The deco-cainized leaf is dried and extracted with sherry wine to give the flavoring extract. 

Cocaine is an alkaloid contained in great amounts in coca leaves and Erythroxylon coca and Erythroxylon novogranatense. Erythroxylon coca is a native shrub of Peru and Bolivia and is now widely cultivated in Central and South America and parts of Asia. The leaves of these plants contain between 0.4 and 2.5 % of alkaloids of which 50-60 % is represented by cocaine. This is a benzyl and methyl ester of ecgonine and is the active ingredient, which determines the psychotropic effects. It was isolated for the first time by the German chemist F. Gaedcke and was later characterized in 1860 by F. Wohler (Fig. 2) only the l form is pharmacologically active. 

Plant-based ones include Morphine ex Papaver somniferum, Cocaine ex Erythroxylon coca, Hashish ex cannabis sative, Mescaline ex Lophophora Williamsii (source of peyote). 

Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the plant Erythroxylon coca and other Erythroxylon species in South America. The leaves contain cocaine as the principal alkaloid, plus a variety of minor alkaloids. Only decocainized coca products are legal in the USA, but some commercially available tea products have been found in the past to contain cocaine in a concentration normally found in coca leaves (about 5 mg of cocaine per 1 g tea-bag). This results in only mild symptoms when package directions to drink a few cups per day are followed, but massive overdosing can result in severe agitation, tachycardia, sweating, and raised blood pressure. 

Cuscohygrine, l,3-bis(l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)propan-2-one, one of the best known pyrrolidine alkaloids found in Erythroxylon coca, was synthesized by condensation of acetonedicarboxylic acid with two molecules of jV-methyl-2-hydroxypyrrolidine.163 Arcamore et al.l6i have obtained an antibiotic substance called distamycin A (131) from... 

Cocaine is produced from alkaloids obtained from the plant Erythroxylon coca. Since the drug is produced in a batch process, the samples are variable, with no... 

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