Persian berries

Kreuz, n. cross loins rump. -beeren,/.pi. Kreuzdornbeeren. -bcfruchtung, /. crossfertilization. -bein, n. sacrum, -bestau-bung, /. cross-pollination, -blume, /. milkwort (Polygala), -bliitler, m. (Bot.) crucifer, -dorn, m. buckthorn (Rhamnus). -dom-beeren, /.pi. buckthorn berries, Persian berries. 

A number of yellow dyes were known in antiquity weld and saffron seem to have been the most widely used, but barberry root, turmeric, Persian berries, and safflower have also been identified in ancient fibers. Weld, probably the oldest European-known yellow dye, is derived from the herbaceous plant Roseda luteola, which is indigenous to central Europe. The dye is distributed throughout the entire plant, although it is concentrated in the upper... 

Persian berries is the common name of a yellow-greenish dye, well known in antiquity. It is extracted from the seed-bearing fruits of a variety of species of Rltamnus plants that grow indigenously in the Middle East and southern... 

Old fustic Quercitron bark Persian berries Clorophora tinctoria L. Quercus velutina L. Rhamnus family Luteolin + Apigenin Genistein... 

Noteworthy among the yellow lakes are those of yellow wood, quercitron, Persian berries, naphthol yellow, auramine, thioflavine, chrysoidine, quinoline yellow, met anil yellow and its analogues. 

The former are mostly derived from plants [vegetabty colours) and may be contained in woods (e.g., campeachy, Brazil wood, sandalwood, yellow wood, fustic), barks (quercitron), roots [madder, turmeric), leaves (indigo, woad), flowers [safflower), fruit (Persian berries) and lichens [archil). Far fewer are animal colours [cochineal, kermes). 

Persian berries on A1 or Cr mordants, alizarine orange on A1 mordant. 

Naturally occurring dyestuff, for example, indigo shrub, madder root, cochineal insects, Persian berries, and the like, have been known and used for centuries. These soluble dyes were rendered insoluble in water by treatment with suitable precipitating agents and used as lakes. With the increase in the variety of synthetic dyes available and multiplicity... 

It has been used to a certain extent in calico-printing as a substitute for Persian-berry extract and fustic extract. An... 

These colouring-matters are contained in Persian berries, the fruit of Rhamnus infectoria and oleoides. 

Rhamnetin in form of Persian-berry extraet is of considerable importance in calico-printing j no artificial dyestuff has been found to replace it with advantage. It is generally fixed as tin or tin-alumina lake, both of which have a fine yellow colour. The chromium lake has a browner tone and is also used in printing. The alumina lake also sometimes used in dyeing has lemon shade its principal application (mixed with chalk) is as an artists colour. 

Persian berries also contain rhamnin or /3-rhamnegin, which yields y8-rhamnetin on hydrolysis [39]. The composition of these bodies is unknown. 

Synonyms Rhamnaceae family Rhamnus frangu-la Alder buckthorn Frangulin Trollidora Coyo-tillo Wild cherry Purging buckthorn Arrow wood Berry alder Black dogwood Cascara Senna, Hart s thorn May thorn Persian berry Rhine berry Common buckthorn... 

Persian berry The fruit of any species of buckthorn (Rhamnus). 

Frangula. Buckthorn bark alder buckthorn black dogwood berry alder arrow wood Persian berries. Dried hark of Rhamnus franguia L, Rhamnaceae- Habit. Europe. Russian Asia, Mediterranean coast of Africa, Constit Frangulin. emodin. chrysophanic acid. 

Dutch Pink n Tint of red. The name is also used for certain yellow lakes, prepared from quercitron, Persian berries, or similar natural yellow coloring matters. 

Yellow lake pigments based on dye derived from Rhamnus species, presumably from those indigenous to the historical territories of Turkey. Bristow (1996b) cites the records of the English firm of Beiger where Turkey berries (from Izmir - formerly Smyrna - or Aleppo) and Persian berries were used for production of Dutch pink (. v.) and brown pink he tentatively identifies the plant source as R. sacatalis, R. amygdalinus and/or R. oleiodes. However, see the entry for Rhamnus for a fuller discussion. 

English pint, Persian berries Yellow carmine... 

Rhamnetin, yellow, from "Persian Berry," fruit of the Avignon buckthorn, Rhamnussaxatalis... 

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