Brattain, Walter

The Shockley involved in this symposium was ihe same William Shockley who had participated in the invention of the transistor in 1947. Soon after that momentous event, he became very frustrated at Bell Laboratories (and virtually broke with his coinventors, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen), as depicted in detail in a rivetting history of the transistor (Riordan and Hoddeson 1997). For some years, while still working at Bell Laboratories, he became closely involved with dislocation geometry, clearly as a means of escaping from his career frustrations, before eventually turning fulltime to transistor manufacture. 

Ohl demonstrated his results to Kelly early in 1940 Kelly felt that his instincts had been proved justified. Thereupon, Bell Labs had to focus single-mindedly on radar and on silicon rectifiers for this purpose. It was not till 1945 that basic research restarted. This was the year that the theorist John Bardeen was recruited, and he in due course became inseparable from Walter Brattain, an older man and a fine experimenter who had been with Bell since the late 1920s. William Shockley formed the third member of the triumvirate, though from an early stage he and Bardeen found themselves so mutually antagonistic that Bardeen was sometimes close to resignation. But tension can be productive as well as depressing. 

The study of electrons trapped in matter (commonly termed solid state ) led eventually to the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories, and then to the integrated circuit hy Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby a decade later. Use of these devices dominated the second half of the twentieth century, most notably through computers, with a significant stininlus to development being given by military expenditures. 

Vladimir I. Veselovsky studied the photoelectrochemical behavior of metals covered with oxide layers having semiconductor properties. In 1955, Walter H. Brattain and Charles G. B. Garrett published a paper in which they established the connection between the photoelectrochemical properties of single-crystal semiconductors and their electronic structure. 

In 1948 William Bradford Shockley (1910-1989), who is considered the inventor of the transistor, and his associates at Bell Research Laboratories, Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987) and John Bardeen (1908-1991), discovered that a crystal of germanium could act as a semiconductor of electricity. This unique property of germanium indicated to them that it could be used as both a rectifier and an amplifier to replace the old glass vacuum tubes in radios. Their friend John Robinson Pierce (1910-2002) gave this new solid-state device the name transistor, since the device had to overcome some resistance when a current of electricity passed through it. Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen all shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. 

The first solid-state transistor was made not from silicon but from the element below it in the Periodic Table germanium. This substance is also a semiconductor, and can be doped in the same way. William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen devised the germanium transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey in 1947. It was a crude and clunky device (Fig. VJa) - bigger than a single one of today s silicon chips, which can house millions of miniaturized transistors, diodes, and other components (Fig. Vjb). The three inventors shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. 

Meanwhile, Arnold Beckman (b.1900), hitherto a manufacturer of electronic pH meters, had joined forces with Robert Brattain - the brother of Walter Brattain of transistor fame - at Shell Research, with the encouragement of the U. S. Government s Rubber Reserve Company. Beckman s first commercial infrared spectrometer, the IR-1, was developed in 1942 and was used by the wartime synthetic rubber research program. However, the classified nature of this and similar work meant that Beckman spectrometers were not generally available until 1945, when the IR-2 was marketed. Meanwhile, in Britain, Adam Hilger and Grubb Parsons independ-... 

The control of charge flow by an electric quantity is a key issue of today s electronics. The concept to electrically specify the conductivity of a resistor by pure solid state effects was already proposed in 1928 by Julius Edgar Lilien-feld in Germany [1], The basic idea was to control the charge carrier density in a solid by an electric field, applied over a third electrode. However, there is no evidence for a practical realisation by Lilienfeld. The first report about a pure electrically controllable solid state device was the well know Germanium transistor from William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain [2]. The new term transistor was later explained as a combination of the words transconductance and varistor . Meanwhile a broad variety of different transistor concepts exists, which, however, can be mainly subdivided in two basic operational principles ... 

In 1972 John Bardeen did something that no other physicist, not even Albert Einstein, had ever done. He won his second Nobel Prize in physics. The first was awarded to him (and to Walter H. Brattain and William Shock-ley) in 1956 for investigations on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect. ... 

In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, both research scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, while trying to understand the nature of the electrons at the interface between a metal and a semiconductor, made a startling discovery. They found that by making two point contacts very close to one another, they could make a three-terminal device—the first point contact transistor " (see Fig. 4.2). They made the two point contacts at the bottom of a triangular quartz crystal from two strips of gold foil separated by about 50 xm, and pressed it... 

In 1947, a device consisting of a layer of j -type silicon sandwiched between two w-type layers was constructed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the Bell Laboratories. This device, called the transistor, has revolutionized our world (Figure 18.8). Because the transistor can control electron flow in circuits with such accuracy, yet is so small and requires so little power to operate, it is now possible to design electronic... 

FIGURE 18.8 The transistor and its inventors, (a) The first transistor, constructed in 1947 at Bell Laboratories. Electrical contact is made at a single point and the signal is amplified as it passes through a solid semiconductor modern junction transistors amplify in a similar manner, (b) Envelope and stamp commemorating 25 years of the transistor, with portraits of its inventors, Walter Brattain, William Shockley, and John Bardeen. 

US physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain (1902-87), and William Shockley (1910-89) invent the point-contact transistor. 

The first transistor was developed in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley, and this replaced the cumbersome vacuum tube. Bridging the gap between the transistor and the integrated circuit was the planar process, devised in 1957 by Jean Hourni and developed in 1958 by Robert N. Noyce, which provided a means of creating a layered structure on the silicon base of a chip. 

The development of the semiconductor junction transistor in 1947, attrihuted to WiUiam Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain, provided the means to produce extremely small on-off switches that could he used to huUd complex Boolean circuits. This permitted electrical signals to carry out Boolean... 

John Bardeen, WiUiam Shockley, and Walter Brattain shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956for their invention of the transistor. Transistors are solid state switches found in nearly every electronic component today. (Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/ Photo Researchers, Inc.)... 

The transistor was invented in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, employees of Bell Laboratories. By soldering together boards of transistors, electrical engineers created the first modern computers in the 1960 s. By the 1970 s, integrated circuits were shrinking the size of computers and the purely electrical focus of the field. 

The Transistor. In 1947, three scientists from BeU Telephone Laboratories, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley, invented the transistor, a solid-state device that would replace the vacuum tube. The tiny device was a solid and did not employ a vacuum or special gas. It consumed very little power and could perform amplification or switching just as the vacuum tube could. Eurthermore, its life was almost unlimited. Over the years, it also became very inexpensive. 

Bondyopadhyay, Probir K., Pallab K. Ghatteijee, and Utpal K. Ghakrabarti, eds. Proceedings ofthelEEE Special Issue on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Transistor no. 1 (January, 1998). Gomprehensive collection of papers concerning the invention of the transistor Moore s law patents, letters, and notes by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain and life in the early days of Silicon Valley. 

Bardeen, John (1908-1991) A Wisconsin-born electrical engineer and physicist, Bardeen worked for Gulf Oil, researching magnetism and gravity, and later studied mathematics and physics at Princeton University, where he earned a doctoral degree. While working at Bell Laboratories after World War II he, Walter Brattain (1902-1987), and William Shockley (1910-1989) invented the transistor, for which they shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1972, Bardeen shared a second Nobel Prize in Physics for a jointly developed theory of superconductivity he is the only person to win the same award twice. 

Transistor (John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley) Hoping to build a solid-state amplifier, the team of Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley discover the transistor, which replaces the vacuum tube in electronics. Bardeen is later part of the group that develops theory of superconductivity. 

World War II ended in 1945. In addition to the critical role computing machines played in the design of the first atomic bombs, computational science played an important role in predicting the behavior of targets. The capabilities of computing machines would grow rapidly following the invention of the transistor by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in 1947. In this case, fundamental science led to tremendous advances in applied science. 

Winkler, Clemens Alexander (1838-1904) German chemist who discovered germanium, one of the elements predicted by Dmitry Mendeleyev on the basis of the periodic table. Germanium became well known when the physicists William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen used it to make a point contact rectifier and then the first transistor. 

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