Brattain, Robert

The study of electrons trapped in matter (commonly termed solid state ) led eventually to the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories, and then to the integrated circuit hy Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby a decade later. Use of these devices dominated the second half of the twentieth century, most notably through computers, with a significant stininlus to development being given by military expenditures. 

Meanwhile, Arnold Beckman (b.1900), hitherto a manufacturer of electronic pH meters, had joined forces with Robert Brattain - the brother of Walter Brattain of transistor fame - at Shell Research, with the encouragement of the U. S. Government s Rubber Reserve Company. Beckman s first commercial infrared spectrometer, the IR-1, was developed in 1942 and was used by the wartime synthetic rubber research program. However, the classified nature of this and similar work meant that Beckman spectrometers were not generally available until 1945, when the IR-2 was marketed. Meanwhile, in Britain, Adam Hilger and Grubb Parsons independ-... 

The first transistor was developed in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley, and this replaced the cumbersome vacuum tube. Bridging the gap between the transistor and the integrated circuit was the planar process, devised in 1957 by Jean Hourni and developed in 1958 by Robert N. Noyce, which provided a means of creating a layered structure on the silicon base of a chip. 

To understand the history of microlithography and its importance, and to motivate the various advances relative to polymeric materials used in resists, a brief background and introduction to semiconductor microelectronics and the role of miaolithography in that industry are helpful. Although the invention of the first semicondudor transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947 was an immensely important milestone, as recognized in part by a Nobel Prize awarded to them in 1956, it was really the invention of the first monolithic IC by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1960 that ushered in what people enjoy today as the era of modem miaoelecttonics. The integrated devices developed by Kilby and Noyce consisted of many solid-state... 

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