Brain studies

T. Greitz. D. H. Ingvar. and L. Widen (Eds.), The Metabolism of the Human Brain Studied with Positron Emission Tomography, Raven Press, New York, 1985. 

Apart from their role in regulating chemokine signaling, opioids can also modulate chemokine or chemokine receptor expression levels in the brain. Studies suggest that morphine can alter the gene expression of both a and p chemokines and their... 

Teal P, Silver EL, Simard D. The brains study safety, tolerability, and dose-finding of repinotan in acute stroke. Can J Neurol Sci 2005 32 61-67. 

T. Zetterstrom, L. Vemet, U. Ungerstedt, T.B. Jonzon, and B.B. Fredholm, Purine levels in the intact rat brain. Studies with an implanted perfused hollow fibre. Neurosci. Lett. 29, 111-115 (1982). 

De Bias AL, Park D, Friedrich P Endogenous benzodiazepine-like molecules in human, rat and bovine brains studied with a monoclonal antibody to benzodiazepines. Brain Res 1987 413 275-284. 

The most recent SPECT scan (single photon computed tomography of the brain) studies, by a Harvard School of Public Health physician and researcher, have shown that people with MCS have blood flow patterns in the brain that are different from those of healthy controls and from people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.4... 

The major difficulty in any functional brain studies is inter-subject comparisons. Essentially, all NIR functional brain studies report high variability between subjects. No true comparison can be made due to relative nature of hemodynamic data. Since path length is unknown under MBLL, it is not possible to assess absolute levels of hemodynamic parameters. Instead, each subject is compared with their own baseline measurements. However, generally speaking, the shape of the time evolution of the signals are similar between subjects and thus can be analyzed using qualitative comparisons. 

U. Kertscher, M. Beyermann, E. Krause, J. Furkert, H. Berger, M. Bienert, B. Mehlis, The Degradation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor by Enzymes of the Rat Brain Studied by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Peptides 1998, 19, 649-658. 

Guidotti, A., Auta, J., Davis, J.M., Gerevini, V.D., Dwivedi, Y., Grayson, D.R., Impagnatiello, E, Pandey, G., Pesold, C., Sharma, R., Uzunov, D., and Costa, E. (2000) Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder a postmortem brain study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 1061-1069. 

IMPACT OF DRUGS OF ABUSE ON DEVELOPING BRAIN STUDIES OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE... 

The Rb-82 generator permits serial studies in the same patient as often as every 10 minutes with 20-60 mCi of Rb-82 for rapid bolus intravenous infusion. Inherent in the administration of high levels of Rb-82 activity is the need for precise flow control from an automated system to deliver the desired amount of radioactivity. The development of the alumina column parameters and the elution protocol as well as the automated microprocessor system controller are presented here. Some of the details of this system have been discussed in earlier publications (15,21). Generator produced Rb-82 is used as a diffusible flow tracer in myocardial perfusion studies and as a nondiffusible tracer in brain studies to assess blood brain barrier permeability changes in patients with brain tumors or Alzheimer s type dementia. 

Brain Studies. Rubidium-82 has also been used to study blood brain barrier changes in patients with brain tumors or Alzheimer s type senile dementia (28-30). The method of study is similar to the heart studies without gating. Figure 11 shows the uptake of Rb-82 in the three levels of a brain tumor. This non-invasive procedure provides information on the size and vascularity of the tumor. In the slice OM + 10 there is a vascular rim and a necrotic center in the tumor. The metabolism of glucose was determined in the same tumor patient using F-fluorodeoxyglucose produced on a cyclotron and the results correlated well with Rb-82 distribution. 

Sofic E., Riederer P., Killian W., and Rett A. (1987). Reduced concentrations of ascorbic acid and glutathione in a single case of Rett syndrome a postmortem brain study. Brain Dev. 9 529-531. 

It has been demonstrated that AD is associated with a relative decrease in the activity of the cholinergic system in the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. Studies suggest that donepezil hydrochloride exerts its... 

Most developmental neurotoxicity studies have focused on general impairment of behaviour, but some studies have also found evidence for effects on sexual dimorphic behaviour. Hormones play a central role in central nervous system development, including the sexual differentiation of the brain. Studies on hormones and various endocrine disrupting chemicals (particularly those with estrogenic or antiandrogenic effects) have shown that the developing brain may be susceptible to disturbances in sexual behaviour. Therefore, effects on one sex but not the other should not be dismissed, but must be evaluated in the context of effects on sexual differentiation of the brain. 

An important advance in PET related chemistry was achieved by Welch and Wolf and their coworkers,388,389 who were able to use the K18F/2.2.2-kryptofix combination for aromatic nucleophilic substitution of activated aromatic rings, which could serve as starting materials for more complex products. Welch and coworkers started with nitrobenzalde-hyde, which was converted to [18F]fluorobenzaldehyde making eventually [18F]fluorodexetimide 62 (equation 224) which acts as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) antagonist. It was used for PET brain studies since acetylcholine receptors are... 

PET/MRI systems are coming up at the horizon of the recent developments. Currently, an experimental PET/MRI system is evaluated at a few sites, for the use of brain studies in patients. 

One rat brain study showed that Prozac and tricyclics given together accelerate their joint impact on the brain (Baron et ah, 1988). Down-regulation of adrenergic receptors (discussed subsequently) was greatly increased in rapidity and intensity by the combination. 

Bendikov I, Nadri C, Amar S, Panizzutti R, De Miranda J, et al. 2007. A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res... 

Jolitha AB, Subramanyam MV, Asha Devi S (2006) Modification by vitamin E and exercise of oxidative stress in regions of aging rat brain studies on superoxide dismutase isoenzymes and protein oxidation status. Exp Gerontol 41(8) 753-763 Kruse M, Navarro D, Desjardins P, Butterworth RF (2004) Increased brain endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in thiamine deficiency relationship to selective vulnerability. Neurochem Int45(l) 49-56... 

Hoyer S (1992) Oxidative energy metabolism in Alzheimer brain. Studies in early-onset and late-onset cases. Mol Chem Neuropathol 16 207-224... 

R, Uzunov D, Costa E. Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylasc67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipo- 51. lar disorder a postmortem brain study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2000 57 1061-1069. 52. 

The dynamics of Coronin 1C (Coronin 3) expression have also been studied in both the development and diseased state of the brain. Studies of Coronin 1C in brain tumor cells revealed a similar story to that presented above for melanoma and are presented in the next section of this chapter. Coronin 1C expression was also high in all regions of the developing brain and this section discusses the developmental and cell specific expression patterns that are observed during further brain maturation. ... 

Plenge P, Stensgaard A, Jensen HV, et al. 24-hour lithium concentration in human brain studied by Li-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 36 511-516... 

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