Baseline measurements

TEST, TEST, TEST Test the power supply against the requirements stated in the design specification. If they do not meet the requirements, some design modifications may be necessary. Make baseline measurements so... 

The initial common-mode filter component values can be determined in a step-by-step process (like everything else in this book). To begin this process, either a baseline measurement of the unfiltered conducted noise spectrum is... 

The peak asymmetry factor should be scrutinized first. In this discussion we refer to the peak asymmetry factor measured at 10% of the peak height (see section 1.5). Some column supply companies use the baseline measurement to specify peak asymmetry, leading to larger limiting values than those given here. Peak asymmetry, especially of unretained or weakly retained peaks (k < 3), is typical of poorly packed columns (if instrumental contributions can be excluded). If only the unretalned peak (k < 1) is asymmetric and/or there is a significant difference (> 15%)... 

The prototype of this class is hirudin, which was originally isolated from the salivary glands of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Hirudin itself is not commercially available, but recombinant technology has permitted production of hirudin derivatives, namely lepirudin and desirudin.29,38,41 Lepirudin has a short half-life of approximately 40 minutes after IV administration and 120 minutes when given SC. Elimination of lepirudin is primarily renal therefore, doses must be adjusted based on the patient s renal function. The dose should be monitored and adjusted to achieve an aPTT ratio of 1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline measurement. Lepirudin is currently approved for use in patients with HIT and related thrombosis. Up to 40% of patients treated with lepirudin will develop antibodies to the drug.29,38,41... 

Patients receiving amiodarone must receive monitoring for thyroid abnormalities. Baseline measurements of serum TSH, FT4, FT3, antithyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPOAb) and TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies (TSHR-SAb) should be performed. TSH, FT4, and FT3 should be checked 3 months after initiation of amiodarone and then every 3 to 6 months. 

Baseline is a common clinical concept. You might hear your physician say, Let s get a baseline cholesterol reading for you. The idea behind a baseline measurement is to determine the state of a patient before some expected event so that a subsequent comparison to that state can be made. For instance, you and your physician may want to get a baseline cholesterol reading early in life, as cholesterol typically increases with age. In clinical trials, you want to obtain a baseline measurement before a medical intervention to see what kind of effect the intervention had. Usually, the baseline value is the last reading prior to medical intervention. The following figure illustrates this concept for cholesterol measurements ... 

The purpose of using change-from-baseline analysis data sets is to measure what effect some therapeutic intervention had on some kind of diagnostic measure. A measure is taken before and after therapy, and a difference and sometimes a percentage difference are calculated for each post-baseline measure. These data sets are generally normalized... 

Taking a baseline measurement of the partial pressure of the ice on the condenser in the empty plant,... 

The major difficulty in any functional brain studies is inter-subject comparisons. Essentially, all NIR functional brain studies report high variability between subjects. No true comparison can be made due to relative nature of hemodynamic data. Since path length is unknown under MBLL, it is not possible to assess absolute levels of hemodynamic parameters. Instead, each subject is compared with their own baseline measurements. However, generally speaking, the shape of the time evolution of the signals are similar between subjects and thus can be analyzed using qualitative comparisons. 

How the baseline measurement will be used in relation to the critical evaluable endpoints must be determined before analysis. Comparison of two or more treatments usually takes into account the differences between baseline values between treatment groups at the point of randomisation. The way in which the analysis will influence the report and publications needs to be decided, as some regulatory authorities have their own statistical criteria that need to be observed (e.g. for bioequivalence studies ). 

Monitoring Perform baseline measurements of hepatic enzymes, bilirubin, serum creatinine, CBC, and platelet count (or estimate) in adults treated for tuberculosis with P.1009... 

A study design should desirably include a baseline period with repetitive baseline measurements to obtain adequate initial estimates. Time-variable changes, such as circadian rhythms may warrant a more complicated basal effect model. If drug effect... 

Baseline imbalance in itself should not be considered an appropriate reason to include a baseline measure as a covariate. ... 

Inhibitors of the renal cation secretion mechanism, eg, cimetidine, prolong the half-life of dofetilide. Since the QT-prolonging effects and risks of ventricular proarrhythmia are directly related to plasma concentration, dofetilide dosage must be based on the estimated creatinine clearance. Treatment with dofetilide should be initiated in hospital after baseline measurement of the rate-corrected QT interval (QTC) and serum electrolytes. A baseline QTC of > 450 ms (500 ms in the presence of an intraventricular conduction delay), bradycardia of < 50 bpm and hypokalemia are relative contraindications to its use. 

Edrophonium is sometimes used as a diagnostic test for myasthenia. A 2 mg dose is injected intravenously after baseline measurements of muscle strength have been obtained. If no reaction occurs after 45 seconds, an additional 8 mg may be injected. Some clinicians divide the 8 mg dose into two doses of 3 and 5 mg given at 45-second intervals. If the patient has myasthenia gravis, an improvement in muscle strength that lasts about 5 minutes will usually be observed. 

An assessment of the fate and transport of POPs in the global environment requires baseline measurements of such compounds. Global... 

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