Cholinergic system

Basu, N., Scheuhammer, A.M., and Rouvinen-Watt, K. et al. (2006). Methyl mercury impairs components of the cholinergic system in captive mink. Toxicology Science 91,... 

Woolf, NJ (1991) Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord. Prog. Neurohiol. 37 475-524. 

One problem with both these theories is that disruption of noradrenergic transmission by selective adrenoceptor antagonists has little impact on the development of escape deficits. However, such antagonists do prevent the reversal of learned helplessness by antidepressants (reviewed by Stanford 1995). Also, it would be most unlikely that a deficit in only one neurotransmitter system fully accounts for learned helplessness. Indeed, there is plenty of evidence for a role for 5-HT in learned helplessness for instance, this behaviour is reversed by microinjection of 5-HT into the prefrontal cortex (Davis et al. 1999). Finally, it is clear that opioid, GABAergic and cholinergic systems (among others) are all linked with this behavioural deficit and even dihydropyridine antagonists of Ca + channels prevent its development. 

Basu N, Scheuhammer AM, Rouvinen-Watt K, Grochowina N, Klenavic K, Evans RD, Chan HM. 2006. Methyhnercury impairs components of the cholinergic system in captive mink (Mustela vison). Toxicol Sci 91 202-209. 

Bielarczyk H, Tomsig JL, Suszkiw JB. 1994. Perinatal low-level lead exposure and the hippocampal cholinergic system selective reduction of muscarinic receptor and cholineacetyltransferase in the rat septum. Brain Res 643 211-217. 

Berntson, G. G., Shafi, R. Sarter, M. (2002). Specific contributions of the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system to electroencephalographic activity and sleep/waking behaviour. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 2453-61. 

Lee, M. G., Chrobak, J. J., Sik, A., Wiley, R. G. Buzsaki, G. (1994). Hippocampal theta activity following selective lesion of the septal cholinergic system. Neuroscience 62, 1033-47. 

Wenk, G. L. (1997). The nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic system one hundred years of progress. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 67, 85-95. 

Jones, B. (1993). The organization of central cholinergic systems and their functional importance in sleep-waking states. In Cholinergic Function and Dysfunction. Progress in Brain Research, ed. A. Cuello. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Kaslin J., Nystedt J. M., Ostergard M., Peitsaro N., Panula P. (2004). The orexin/ hypocretin system in zebrafish is connected to the aminergic and cholinergic systems. J. Neurosci. 24, 2678-89. 

Yamanaka A., Muraki Y Tsujino N., Goto K., Sakurai T. (2003). Regulation of orexin neurons by the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303, 120-9. 

Describe how changes in the cholinergic system relate to the neurocognitive and behavioural aspects of Alzheimer s disease. 

Perry E, Ballard C, Spurden D, Cheng A, Johnson M, McKeith I, Piggott M and Perry R (1998). Cholinergic systems in the human brain Psychopharmacology and psychosis. Alzheimer s Disease Review, 3, 117-124. 

The cholinergic system has also been implicated in schizophrenia 883... 

The cholinergic system has also been implicated in schizophrenia. Cigarette smoking is remarkably prevalent among patients suffering from schizophrenia. Speculating that this may reflect a form of self-medication, Freedman and colleagues demonstrated that nicotine improved the... 

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