Non-invasive procedures

Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion images are used to study patients with myocardial ischemia or infarction. An example of this study is shown in Figure 8. Three patients with known myocardial infarction were imaged with Rb-82. Twenty millicuries of Rb-82 were administered in a 20 ml bolus in 20 sec. Data accumulated from 0-90 seconds post infusion show the blood pool as the radioactivity enters the right side of the heart, flows out to the lungs, and returns to the left side of the heart. Data accumulated from 90-300 seconds reflect uptake of Rb-82 in the myocardium as distributed by blood flow. These results by a non-invasive procedure correlated with the results of catheterized contrast x-ray studies (27,28). 

Brain Studies. Rubidium-82 has also been used to study blood brain barrier changes in patients with brain tumors or Alzheimer s type senile dementia (28-30). The method of study is similar to the heart studies without gating. Figure 11 shows the uptake of Rb-82 in the three levels of a brain tumor. This non-invasive procedure provides information on the size and vascularity of the tumor. In the slice OM + 10 there is a vascular rim and a necrotic center in the tumor. The metabolism of glucose was determined in the same tumor patient using F-fluorodeoxyglucose produced on a cyclotron and the results correlated well with Rb-82 distribution. 

The recommended dose for propofol induction in the foal is 2mg/kg i.v., given after xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) with or without butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg) as premedication. Constant rate infusion of propofol (0.26-0.47mg/kg/min) can be used to maintain anesthesia in the foal for non-invasive procedures. 

The exam is employed in young patients with acute onset of the erectile dysfunction, with asymmetric flow in the cavernosal arteries or after blunt lower abdominal trauma, where a traumatic lesion or compression of a large artery is suspected. This non-invasive procedure can identify patients who can have advantages from an interventional procedure with restoration of the flow. 

HA injections can restore the natural and youthful appearance of the skin. This minimally invasive procedure restores tissue volume, reduces wrinkles, and fills the depressed areas by local absorption. The use of HA as a skin filler became popular in the mid-1980s and, according to the AS APS, it is considered to be the fastest growing, non-invasive, procedure in the United States [17]. Filler HA is a viscous, transparent gel, which can be injected through a small gauge (G) needle, typically of 23-27 G. It provides increased volume and skin hydration due to its hydrophilic nature. Deep wrinkles require a high concentration of HA (approximately 25 mg/ml), while shallow wrinkles are typically treated with a lower concentration (5 mg/ml). HA filler lasts approximately... 

Diagnostic devices that are non-invasive, do not require significantly risky sampling procedures and do not introduce energy (e.g. X-rays, ultrasound) into the subject. The study results may not be relied on for diagnosis. 

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive and well-tolerated procedure that has shown promise as a novel antidepressant treatment.21 Some data show that physical exercise... 

IR NIR Non-invasive NIR of blood-glucose Complete analytical procedure see Danzer et al. [1998]... 

Future studies in this field should focus on better understanding the biology of NP cells, the functional interactions between IVD components, and the pathobiol-ogy of the IDD process in humans, so that early non-surgical interventions can be tested. Use of adult stem cells pre-differentiated under physiologically relevant conditions on 3D scaffolds prior to implantation by minimally invasive procedures may prove most advantageous. 

The pulsed field gradient NMR technique can be readily used for the determination of the water droplet size distribution in W/O emulsions or the oil droplet size distributions in O/W emulsions. Important advantages are the non-invasive nature, the ease of sample preparation, and the feet that pulsed field gradient NMR measures the droplet size distribution of the bulk in contrast with microscopic methods which estimate the size distribution of the surface. Both the proposed matrix method and the iterative curve fitting procedure can be successfully applied in a factory environment. The method can be implemented on a high as well as on a low resolution NMR spectrometer. 

High resolution l3C n.m.r. spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique that can be used to study metabolic pathways in intact organisms, organs or cells. Metabolism of l3C-enriched substrates may be followed spectroscopically for a number of hours. The rates of formation of metabolites can be monitored and end-products identified. This procedure provides the biochemist with a complete overview of the metabolism of a given substrate without destruction of the biological material and it has the additional advantage of enabling the observer to follow the metabolism of specific carbon nuclei and their metabolites. 

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