Body fluid testing

It may not be possible to detect GHB and related compounds with common urine or serum (body fluid) tests. In cases where an unused portion of the drug cannot be recovered, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (a high-technology instrument that separates a chemical mixture and identifies its composition) can be used to detect GHB and related compounds from a sample of serum, plasma, blood, or urine. 

Body fluid Test Functional unit tested... 

Drugs of Abuse Body Fluid Testing, edited by Raphael C. Wong and Harley Y. Tse, 2005... 

Major Applications Sensors, - photoconductors, copying materials, rubber, 3- 5 body fluid testing, determination of calcium, magnesium, tin, method for measuring urea nitrogen, liposomal construct for diagnostic use, cardiovascular disease, antibacterial agent Safety/Toxicity In vitro toxicity ... 

Matsui, H. Imai, Y. Body fluid testing system. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11183475, 1999 Chem. Abstr. 1999,131, 99497. 

Pharmacokinetic studies are designed to measure quantitatively the rate of uptake and metaboHsm of a material and determine the absorbed dose to determine the distribution of absorbed material and its metaboHtes among body fluids and tissues, and their rate of accumulation and efflux from the tissues and body fluids to determine the routes and relative rates of excretion of test material and metaboHtes and to determine the potential for binding to macromolecular and ceUular stmctures. 

Solutions used to manage body fluids are often administered IV. Before administering an IV solution, the nurse assesses the patient s general status, reviews recent laboratory test results (when appropriate), weighs the patient (when appropriate), and takes the vital signs. Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate provide a baseline, which is especially important when the patient is receiving blood plasma, plasma expanders, or plasma protein fractions for shock or other serious disorders. 

Most of the tests that were developed for detection of cannabinoids in plants have shown that antibodies are specific for the cannabinoid structure. Because of this specifity these tests can be extensively applied for the detection of cannabinoids and metabolites in human body fluids such as plasma, urine, and oral fluids. Many different kits based on these methods were developed and they are commercially available, for example Oratect, Branan or Uplink, and OraSure. We must consider, however, that no humans have the same metabolite profile in their blood and that cross-reactivity may always occur [122,123]. Nevertheless, these tests offer a simple way of excluding most of the suspicious samples, but the results still have to be confirmed with a second method such as GC-MS [124,125]. 

The limit of determination [or limit of quantitation (LOQ)] is defined in Directive 96/46/EC as the lowest concentration tested at which an acceptable mean recovery (normally 70-110%) and acceptable relative standard deviation (normally <20%) are obtained. The specific requirements for LOQ in crops, food, feed, soil, drinking and surface water, air, body fluids, and tissues are described in Section 4. Because the abbreviation LOD usually means limit of detection rather than limit of determination, the authors prefer not to use this abbreviation here in order to avoid confusion, and LOQ is used throughout. According to Directive 96/46/EC no data with regard to the limit of detection must be given. 

Body fluids are often tested in medical facilities to determine the concentrations of certain substances. How could the techniques used in this lab activity be applied to such testing ... 

Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) A laboratory test used to detect antibodies in serum or other body fluid. The specific antibodies are labeled with a compound that will make them glow a fluorescent green color when observed microscopically under ultraviolet light. 

Levels of a number of metabolites as well as a number of enzymes in body fluids are indicative of disease conditions. Many of the enzymatic reactions mentioned above have been used in solution clinical assays as well as in test strips.446,497-508 512-515 Assays for hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme peroxidase using NADH and a tetrazolium salt have been de-scribed.509,5io Assays of exogenous substances (e.g., drugs or their metabolites) also utilize this chemistry. The determination of alcohol using alcohol dehydrogenase is an example.511 As mentioned above, the assay of enzyme levels can also be achieved using tetrazolium salts.516-520... 

Description of types of specimen(s) or body fluid matrices used by the proposed tumor marker test system(s). 

DMT is perhaps the most powerful hallucinogen known to man. It is related to LSD and psilocybin. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA-5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT. DMT is naturally formed in the body and has been found in abnormal levels in the body fluids of persons suffering from schizophrenia. DMT is almost never sold through dealers, rarely synthesized, and seldom used. It is, however, easily extracted from common plant materials and has been used in various forms for hundreds of years (timeline.) DMT is not a... 

According to USP 28 [1], the range of an analytical method can be defined as the interval between upper and lower levels (in the Pharmaceutical Industry usually a range from 80 to 120% of the target concentrations tested) of the analyte that have been demonstrated to be determined with a acceptable level of precision, accuracy, and linearity. Routine analyses should be conducted in this permitted range. For pharmacokinetic measurements, a wide range should be tested, where the maximum value exceeds the highest expected body fluid concentration, and the minimum value is the QL. 

In view of these complexities, environmental studies that seek to verify proposed cause-effect relationships between contamination and response need to be carefully designed to avoid bias and misunderstanding. Most environmental assessments adopt a multi-tiered approach to testing, in which combinations of biological responses (biomarkers) are measured in tissue samples, body fluids or at the whole organism level to indicate exposure to or adverse effects of contamination.8. Auffret and colleagues60 surveyed Pacific oysters from the Atlantic coast of Brittany after the Erika oil spill between... 

There are medical tests to determine whether you have been exposed to mirex. Levels of mirex can be measured in blood, feces, fat, or milk. The tests are not done in routine medical examinations. However, doctors can collect tissue and body fluid samples and send them to university medical centers or medical laboratories where the tests can be performed. The tests are specific for mirex exposure. Since mirex is stored in your body for a long time and slowly excreted, the tests can detect mirex for a long time after exposure has stopped. However, the tests are unsatisfactory indicators of the amount of mirex to which you have been exposed. This is because a long time may have passed since you were exposed and you cannot be sure how much mirex may have left your body by the time the test is performed. The tests also cannot be used to predict whether you will experience any potential health effects or harmful changes following exposure. 

Researches have developed methods to test for HIV and estimate the amounts of infectious virus present in various body fluids and secretions. HIV can be isolated relatively easily from blood, semen, and vaginal/cervical secretions (including menstrual fluid). When blood and semen are examined closely, the great majority of HIV is associated with infected cells (mostly macrophages) present in these fluids. In blood, if the cells are removed, low levels of HIV are present in the cell-free serum. It has also been isolated from breast milk. With much greater difficulty, the virus has on occasion been isolated from saliva, tears, urine, perspiration, and feces. 

The retention of 1,2-dibromoethane in tissues and body fluids can be altered by concurrent exposure to modifiers of enzyme activity, such as disulfiram (Plotnick et al. 1979). The concentration of radiolabeled 1,2-dibromoethane in the liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and brain increased significantly in rats fed disulfiram in the diet for 12 days before an oral dose of 15 mg C-1,2- dibromoethane/kg compared with rats not fed disulfiram. Disulfiram, an inhibitor of P-450 metabolism (via action on acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), was found to increase the uptake of C into liver nuclei. These observations correlate well with the results of chronic studies (Wong et al. 1982) that demonstrated enhanced tumorigenic effects in the liver and testes following combined 1,2-dibromoethane and disulfiram exposure. 

Although we can measure the amount of chloroform in the air that you breathe out, and in blood, urine, and body tissues, we have no reliable test to determine how much chloroform you have been exposed to or whether you will experience any harmful health effects. The measurement of chloroform in body fluids and tissues may help to determine if you have come into contact with large amounts of chloroform. However, these tests are useful only a short time after you are exposed to chloroform because it leaves the body quickly. Because it is a breakdown product of other chemicals (chlorinated hydrocarbons), chloroform in your body might also indicate that you have come into contact with those other chemicals. Therefore, small amounts of chloroform in the body may indicate exposure to these other chemicals and may not indicate low chloroform levels in the environment. From blood tests to determine the amount of liver enzymes, we can tell whether the liver has been damaged, but we cannot tell whether the liver damage was caused by chloroform. 

Q42 When testing body fluids in a pharmacy, it is recommended that ... 

Diagnostic testing of body fluids must be carried out in a designated area in the pharmacy. Contaminated waste must be discarded in an appropriate bin. 

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