Human body fluid

Zapffe, C. A., Human Body fluids Affect Stainless Steel , Metal Progress, 67,95-98,(1965)... 

STABILITY OF SOME CLINICAL ENZYMES IN HUMAN BODY FLUIDS ... 

Exposure Levels in Humans. This information is necessary for assessing the need to conduct health studies on these populations. Trichloroethylene has been detected in human body fluids such as blood (Brugnone et al. 1994 Skender et al. 1994) and breast milk (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Most of the monitoring data have come from occupational studies of specific worker populations exposed to trichloroethylene. More information on exposure levels for populations living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites is needed for estimating human exposure. 

Most of the tests that were developed for detection of cannabinoids in plants have shown that antibodies are specific for the cannabinoid structure. Because of this specifity these tests can be extensively applied for the detection of cannabinoids and metabolites in human body fluids such as plasma, urine, and oral fluids. Many different kits based on these methods were developed and they are commercially available, for example Oratect, Branan or Uplink, and OraSure. We must consider, however, that no humans have the same metabolite profile in their blood and that cross-reactivity may always occur [122,123]. Nevertheless, these tests offer a simple way of excluding most of the suspicious samples, but the results still have to be confirmed with a second method such as GC-MS [124,125]. 

A wide variety of xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins, are analyzed in human body fluids for the investigation of environmental and occupational exposure. 

Grootveld et al. (1994) employed this technique to investigate radiolytic, damage to biomolecules present in human body fluids. 7-Radiolysis of healthy or rheumatoid human serum (5.00 kGy) in the presence of atmospheric O2 gave rise to reproducible elevations in the concentration of NMR-detectable acetate, which are predominantly ascribable to the prior oxidation of lactate to pyruvate by OH radical followed by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by radiolytically generated H2O2 and/or further OH radicals (Equations 1.7 and 1.8). 

Grootveld, M. and Halliwell, B. (1986b). Aromatic hydroxyla-tion as a potential measure of hydroxyl radical formation in vivo. Identification of hydroxylated derivatives of salicylate in human body fluids. Biochem. J. 237, 499-504. 

Grootveld, M.C., Herz, H., Haywood, R, Hawkes, G.E., Naughton, D., Perera, A., Knappitt, J., Blake, D.R. and Claxson A.W.D. (1994). Multicomponent analysis of radio-lytic products in human body fluids using high field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscoopy. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 43, 445-453. 

There are numerous other compounds which can be determined in human body fluids. For some classes of compounds, e.g. nitrogen compounds, hormones, and sugars, a few reference materials are available. 

The Na -selective electrodes based on silicone-rubber membranes modified chemically by (8) and (9), were also investigated for Na assay in control serum and urine [22]. The found values for the Na concentrations in both of the serum and urine samples are in good agreement with their corresponding actual values with a relative standard deviation of about 1%. These results suggest that the Na -selective electrodes based on silicone-rubber membranes modified chemically by calix[4]arene neutral carrier (8) are reliable on assay in human body fluid. 

First described in 1926 by Perrin [16], the theory was greatly expanded by Weber [17], who developed the first instrumentation for the measurement of FP. Dandliker [18] expanded FP into biological systems such as antigen-antibody reactions and hormone-receptor interactions. Jolley [19] developed FP into a commercial system for monitoring of therapeutic drug levels and the detection of drugs of abuse in human body fluids. 

In environmental health studies conducted near four NPL sites (plus a comparison area for each), ATSDR collected lead concentration data from both environmental media and human body fluids to estimate low-level exposure risk and to document the magnitude of human exposure to lead near those sites. Environmental samples collected at participants homes included drinking water, yard soil, house dust, and house paint body fluids collected from participants included venous blood and urine specimens. For the four sites, mean concentrations of lead in soil ranged from 317 to 529 mg/kg, and mean concentrations of lead in dust ranged from 206 to 469 mg/kg (ATSDR 1995). 

Human body fluid and SBF contain calcium and phosphate ions that are already supersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite [20]. However, these fluids do not spontaneously deposit hydroxyapatite under normal conditions. This is because the activation energy barrier for hydroxyapatite nudeation is very high. Therefore, the ability of substrates to induce heterogeneous nudeation of hydroxyapatite and the degree of supersaturation of SBF with respect to hydroxyapatite are important factors for hydroxyapatite formation on materials in the body fluid and SBF. 

Because currently there is no cure for AIDS once an individual has contracted the disease, preventing the transmission of HIV from person to person is critical. In infected people, infectious HIV is present only in cells and human body fluids. Despite its devastating effects within the body, the virus is actually quite fragile in the external environment, and it dies quickly when exposed to room temperature air conditions. It is also quickly inactivated by contact with soap and water. 

Josefsson M, Kronstrand R, Andersson J, Roman M. 2003. Evaluation of electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for rational determination of a number of neuroleptics and their major metabolites in human body fluids and tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 789 151. 

Table 10 Literature survey on levels (I mean or median/range concentrations expressed in pg/L of sample II mean or median/range creatinine adjusted concentrations expressed in pg/g) of perchlorate in various human body fluids... 

Felgenhauer, K., Rrotein filtration and secretion at human body fluid barriers. PflUgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 384, 9-17 (1980). 

Chemical analysis of Mur levels has proved effective in both clinical and environmental samples, since Mur is not synthesized by eukaryotic cells. For example, it is readily detected in infected human body fluids, for example, synovial fluids from patients with staphylococcal arthritis and spinal fluids from those with pneumococcal pneumonia [7,16]. However, the most widely used method for its analysis, as an alditol acetate, is time consuming. A large number of derivatives have been tested in order to develop a simpler alternative. Unfortunately the limit of detection for these alternative approaches has not been optimal [17,18]. 

An accurate determination of copper and zinc traces in human serum samples from the International Measurement Evaluation Programme-17 launched by IRMM (Geel) has been made by isotope dilution TIMS.38 An analytical method for the multi-element determination of metals (Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni and Mo) potentially released from dental implants and prostheses into human body fluids (in blood and urine) by ICP-MS (double-focusing sector field instrument and quadrupole instrument with octopole collision cell) for medical studies was developed in Sanz-Medel s group.39 The Cr and Co concentrations found in blood samples of patients with chromium-cobalt based alloy varied in the sub-p,gl 1 range and were not significantly higher than the basal levels found by other authors.40... 

Calculate the osmolar concentration and the osmotic pressure of the physiological sodium chloride solution (9gl NaCl aqueous solution). Note Its osmotic pressure should be almost equal to that of human body fluids (about 6.7 atm). 

Franke AA, Murphy SP, Le Marchand L, Zheng W, Custer L. 2002b Mar. Liquid chromatographic analysis of dietary phytoestrogens including isoflavonoids, flavo-noids and lignans in foods and human body fluids. J Nutr 132 592S. 

Grinstead RR (1960) Oxidation of salicylate by the model peroxidase catalyst iron-ethylenediamine-tetraacetato-iron(lll) acid. J Am Chem Soc 82 3472-3476 Grootveld M, Halliwell B (1987) Measurement of allantoin and uric acid in human body fluids. Bio-chemJ 243 803-808... 

Taking into account the important role of balance in oxidant-antioxidant phenomena for human health and interrelation between internal and external factors, evaluation of oxidant-antioxidant state of human body fluids and natural resources of antioxidants is essential for therapy and prevention of diseases and adverse effects of environment. Thus, analysis of ready-made food and production processes monitoring are of great importance. 

Tolmachyov, S. Y., Kuwabara, J., and Noguchi, H., Flow injection extraction chromatography with ICP-MS for thorium and uranium determination in human body fluids, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 261, 125-131, 2004. 

Toulsen et al. (1994) appear to use the term reference interval as synonymous with reference range. In a paper titled Trace element reference values. . . , the authors emphasize that knowledge of the reference intervals (baseline data) for the trace elements in human body fluids and tissues is of paramount importance. ... 

There should be an extension of research into the analysis of human body fluids, e.g. blood, urine, milk by way of adducts specific to the perceived most harmful mycotoxins. There should also be continued examination of novel ways of determining toxic effects on the immune system. The use of human cell lines for toxicity studies should be further developed especially using cells that have been transfected with human cytochromes. 

Thomson, C.D. (1998) Selenium speciation in human body fluids. Analyst, 123, 827-831. 

Fig. 1 Traceability system for the determination of the most important diagnostic markers in human body fluids in Germany. The clinical reference laboratories at the intermediate level providing calibration means to the routine medical laboratories are accredited as calibration laboratories in the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD) and are firmly linked to the national metrology institute, PTB, by comparison measurements carried out on actual laboratory samples. Accreditation is in part required by the Federal Physicians Council (BAK) or is voluntary. The traceability system is still under development...

Total Antioxidant Capacity of Various Human Body Fluids 2... 

Total Antioxidant Capacity of Human Body Fluids in Various Pathologies 1... 

Determination of phenothiazines in human body fluids by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 35(9) 1091—1099. doi 10.1002/1096-9888(200009)35 9<1091 AID-JMS31>3.0.CC) 2-M... 

Simons, K., Vitamin B12 binders in human body fluids and blood cells. Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comment Biol. 27, 1-94 (1964). 

VersieckJ. 1985. Trace elements in human body fluids and tissues. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 22 97-184. 

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