Blood concanavalin

Complement (protein in the blood /Lymph from guinea pig)[21] Concanavalin A[22]... 

Thus, oxygen radical production by leukocytes can be responsible for cancer development. However, the levels of leukocyte oxygen radical generation depend on the type of cancer. For example, PMNs and monocytes from peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer produced a diminished amount of superoxide [169], Timoshenko et al. [170] observed the reduction of superoxide production in bronchial carcinoma patients after the incubation of neutrophils with concanavalin A or human lectin, while neutrophils from breast cancer patients exhibited no change in their activity. Chemotherapy of lung and colorectal carcinoma patients also reduced neutrophil superoxide production. Human ALL and AML cells produced, as a rule, the diminished amounts of superoxide in response to PMA or FMLP [171], On the other hand total SOD activity was enhanced in AML cells but diminished in ALL cells, while MnSOD in AML cells was very low. It has been proposed that decreased superoxide production may be responsible for susceptibility to infections in cancer patients. 

Recent studies with BN 52021 have demonstrated that PAF can modulate various immune processes. BN 52021 can inhibit the suppressive effect of PAF on T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. When PAF is added to human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures (containing 5-10% monocytes) stimulated with phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A), a non-toxic concentration-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is... 

Figure 1 Continued on next page) Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) induced antigen specific proliferation of CD4+CD45RO+ cells. (A) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMQ from healthy donors n=3) were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg), in the presence of IRIV (V), and in the presence of control liposomes (L) at the indicated dilutions. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. (B) Cord blood mononuclear cells from two donors were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of phytohaemag-glutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), IRIV (V) or L at the indicated concentrations. Proliferation was measured on day 3 of culture for PHA and ConA cultures and on day 6 for IRIV and L stimulated cultures. (Q Purified CD4+ or CD8+ cells were cocultured with autologous irradiated PBMC in the absence of stimuli (Neg) and in the presence of IRIV (V) at the indicated concentrations. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. (D) Purified CD4/CD45RA+ cells and CD4/CD45RO-I-cells were isolated from PBMC of one healthy donor and cocultured with autologous irradiated PBMC in the presence of IRIV (V) or L at the indicated concentration. Proliferation was measured on day 6 of culture by H-thymidine incorporation. Source From Ref 6.

The various organs of the immune system such as spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow containing the cells involved in the various immune responses offer the possibility to harvest these cells and perform in vitro assays for evaluation of effects on the immune system. When part of an in vivo animal study this may indicate a direct toxic effect of pharmaceuticals, that is, immunosuppression (Table 18.2). So, it is feasible to obtain cell suspensions for further evaluation such as determination of cellular subsets of T and B leukocytes by fluorescent activated cell sorter analysis (FACS analysis), and determination of natural killer (NK) cell activity of the spleen cell population. An advantage of this approach is that it may lead to identification of a biomarker to be used in clinical studies. In addition, in vitro stimulation of spleen cells with mitogens activating specific subsets may indicate potential effects on the functionality of splenic cell populations. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activate Tcells, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates primarily B cell populations. Blood is collected for total white blood cell (WBC) determination and blood cell differential count. In addition, serum can be obtained for determination of serum immunoglobulins. 

Concanavalin A was found by Clarke and Denborough (35) to precipitate with blood group glycoproteins from human gastric juice from two group O non-secretors and 2 group O and 3 group A secretors it... 

Blood Groups XLIII. The Interaction of Blood Group Substances from Various Sources with a Plant Lectin, Concanavalin A, J. Immunol. (1969) 102,1354. 

Abbreviations-. CD, cluster designation (surface markers) ConA, concanavalin A (aT cell mitogen) IFNy, interferon-gamma IL, interleukin PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells TNFa, tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 

Several processes in the immune response are affected by lithium in vivo and in vitro 139). The proliferative responses of hamster lymphoid cells to concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin, which stimulate mitosis in T cells, were enhanced by lithium in a serum-free culture system. Proliferative stimulation also was obtained with lithium using the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide, but the B cell mitogens dextran sulfate and trypsin had no effect 140-143). Lithium increased the effects of suboptimal concentrations of stimulants, but had smaller effects on stimulation by optimal concentrations. With concanavalin A, the response to optimal stimulatory concentrations was inhibited 140). Paradoxical results such as these may be due to inhibitory effects of lithium on adenylate cyclase, or to effects on membrane transport systems 141). Most of these experiments used very high concentrations of lithium, considerably in excess of normal therapeutic doses (maximal inhibitory concentrations were 10 mM with hamster cells and 5 mM with human lymphocytes). At therapeutic levels of lithium, increased incorporation of [ H]thymidine was seen in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 

Lymphotoxicity (cytotoxicity or functional impairment, e.g., proliferation upon anti-CD3 or anti-CD28 stimulation) [7] Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (whole blood or PBMC) or rodent splenocytes are typically used. Polyclonal stimuli include anti-CD3, anti-CD28, plant lectins such as concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), superantigens etc. Mixed lymphocyte reactions possible but less used for immunotoxicity... 

Protease Inhibitors - Bestatin (56.), an aminopeptidase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces olivoreticuli has been reported to stimulate cellular and humoral immunity against sheep red blood cells in micel53. Blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes from guinea pigs by concanavalin A and PHA was enhanced. 15, 155 Moreover, bestatin appeared to increase the effects of bleo-... 

W5. Willard, K. E., and Anderson, N. L., Alterations of two-dimensional electrophoretic maps in human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by concanavalin A. In Electrophoresis 79 (B. J. Badola, ed.), pp. 415-424. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1980. 

Yeast mannan Blood serum Turbidimetry 0-10 mg mlA1 Immune precipitin interaction between concanavalin A (antibody) and analyte (antigen)/ zone stopping [16]... 

Abbreviations Con A, concanavalin A CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes IL, interleukin iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase KLH, keyhole-limpet hemocyanin LAK, lymphokine-activated killer cell NHEK, normal human epidermal keratinocyte NK, natural killer cell PFC, plaque-forming cell SRBC, sheep red blood cell TNF, tumor necrosis factor. 

Red blood cells bound to Concanavalin A - Sepharose or Lens cull nan s lectin - Sepharose was used in combination with immo-bilized glucose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.4) in the thermistor system. The red blood cells operated as oxygen supply in the reactor bed leading to better reaction conditions for the oxidase - thereby widening the practical concentration range for glucose analysis... 

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