BIODETERIORATION

Microbial spoilage (biodeterioration) covers a wide range of produce and is therefore a very difficult area to treat in one chapter. Most people think of microbial spoilage in terms of food spoilage, but numerous other commodities may also be spoilt. 

ASTM D1382-64 (1987) (withdrawn 1990) Standard test method for susceptibility of dry adhesive film to attack by roaches. 

ASTM D1877-77 (withdrawn 1984) Standard test method for permanence of adhesive-bonded joints in plywood under mold conditions. 

ASTM D4299-01 Standard test methods for effect of bacterial contamination of adhesive preparations and adhesive films. 

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Biodeterioration. For objects made out of organic materials, mold and insect attack are a principal cause of damage. Microbiological organisms can also be responsible for serious deterioration of outdoor stone. Museums, especially storage areas, are quite conducive to providing the conditions in which infestations can occur. Objects are stored in close proximity, and left untouched for prolonged periods, often with Htde if any ak movement. 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

Eor practical purposes, the sapwood of all species may be considered to be susceptible to biodeterioration. The heartwood of some species, however, contains toxic extractives that protect it against biological attack. Among the native species that have decay-resistant or highly decay-resistant heartwood are bald cypress, redwood, cedars, white oak, black locust, and black walnut (60). Douglas-fir, several of the pines, the larches, and honey locust... 

J. D. Cosdow and R. D. Tipper, eds.. Marine Biodeterioration A.n Interdisciplinary Study Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md., 1984. C. H. Hare, The Painting of Steel Bridges, Reiclihold, New York, 1988. 

Microbial biodeterioration of a great many materials (including concretes, glasses, metals and their alloys, and plastics) occurs by diverse mechanisms. 

Biodeterioration of Materials Microbiological and Allied Aspects, edited by Walters, A. H. and Elphick, J. P., Elsevier Publishing Co. (1968)... 

Baird R.M. (1981) Drugs and cosmetics. h Microbial Biodeterioration (ed. A.H. Rose), pp. 387-426. London Academic Press. 

M. F. L. de Mele, in Argentine/USA Workshop on Biodeterioration (CONICET-NSF), Aquatec Quimica, LaPlata, Argentina (1986) 119. 

Materials of Construction MIC processes are those processes by which manufactured materials deteriorate through the presence and activities of microbes. These processes can be either direct or indirect. Microbial biodeterioration of a great many materials (including concretes, glasses, metals and their alloys, and plastics) occurs by diverse mechanisms and usually involves a complex community consisting of many different species of microbes. 

Allsopp, D. and K. J. Seal (1986), Introduction to Biodeterioration, Arnold, London. 

Environmental factors such as temperature (increases), humidity (violent change), pH and exposure to UV radiation can also influence the stability of the proteins, causing changes in their structure and lowering the resistance to biodeterioration. This decay is also influenced by the presence of other components such as lipids, carbohydrates, mineral... 

E. Bock, W. Sand, The Microbiology of Masonary Biodeterioration, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 74, 503 514(1993). 

T. Dornieden, A.A. Gorbushina, W.E. Krumbein, Biodecay of Cultural Heritage as a Space/ Time Related Ecological Situation an Evaluation of a Series of Studies, International Biodeterioration Biodegradation, 46, 261 270 (2000). 

N. Karpovich Tate, N.L. Rebrikova, Microbial Communities on Damaged Frescoes and Building Materials in the Cathedral on the Nativity of the Virgin in the Pafnutii Borovskii Monastery, Russia, International Biodeterioration, 27, 281 296 (1990). 

A.A. Gorbushina, K. Petersen, Distribution of Microorganisms on Ancient Wall Paintings as Related to Associated Faunal Elements, International Biodeterioration Biodegradation, 46(4), 277 284 (2000). 

Li J, Gu J-D, Pan L (2005a) Transformation of dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl isophthalate and dimethyl terephthalate by Rhodococcus rubber Sa and modeling the processes using the modified Gompertz model. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 55 223-232... 

Wang Y, Fan Y, Gu J-D (2004) Dimethyl phthalate ester degradation by two planktonic and immobilized bacterial consortia. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 53 93-101... 

Xu XR, Li HB, Gu J-D (2005a) Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemical di- -butyl phthalate ester by Pseudomonas fluorescens B-l. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 55 9-15... 

Yin B, Gu J-D, Wan N (2005) Degradation of indole by enrichment culture and Pseudonmonas aeruginosa Gs isolated from mangrove sediment. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 56 243-248... 

Pandey A, Poonam S, Leela I (2007) Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 59 73-84... 

Forss J, Welander U (2009) Decolourization of reactive azo dyes with microorganisms growing on soft wood chips. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63 752-758... 

Zhao X, Flardin IR, Flwanga FIM (2006) Biodegradation of a model azo disperse dye by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 57(1) 1-6... 

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