Pseudomonas fluorescens

Open bum (OB) and open detonation (OD) operations are conducted by DOD and some private companies to destroy unserviceable, unstable, or unusable munitions and explosives materials. In OB operations, explosives or munitions are destroyed by self-sustained combustion, which is ignited by an external source, such as flame, heat, or a detonation wave (that does not result in a detonation). In OD operations, detonable explosives and munitions are destroyed by a detonation, which is initiated by the detonation of a disposal charge. 

OB/OD operations can destroy many types of explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. OB areas must be able to withstand accidental detonation of any or all explosives being destroyed, unless the responsible OB technicians used, recognize that the characteristics of the materials involved are such that orderly burning without detonation can be ensured. Personnel with this type of knowledge must be consulted before any attempt is made at OB disposal, especially if primary explosives are present in any quantity. 

OB of nonfragmenting explosives is conducted in burning trays, which are designed without cracks or angular comers to prevent the buildup of explosive residues. The depth of explosive material in a tray may not exceed 3 inches, and the net explosive weight of materials in a tray may not exceed 1,000 lb. The distance between the trays for explosive devices is determined by hazards analysis, but, in the absence of such analysis, trays are placed parallel to one another and separated by at least 150 ft. These distances may vary for OB of bare explosives or explosives-contaminated soils. When wet explosives are being burned, trays may be lined with nonexplosive combustible materials, such as scrap wood, to ensure complete combustion. An OB tray may not be inspected until 12 hours after the conclusion of the bum, and a tray may not be reused until 24 hours after the conclusion of the bum or until all ash and residues have been removed from the tray. 

If there is a significant risk of fragmentation, OB operations are conducted in open pits, which must be at least 4 ft deep and have sloped sides to prevent cave in. The length and width of the pit is determined by the quantity of waste being burned. If necessary, nonexplosive combustible materials and fuel may be added to ensure complete combustion of explosive materials. As with burning trays, OB pits may not be inspected until 12 hours after the conclusion of the bum. 

Facilities engineered specifically for OD operations are rare in practice. Consequently, almost all OD operations are conducted in pits that are at least 4 ft deep and covered with 2 ft of soil to minimize the risks associated with fragmentation. Detonating cords, which are plastic cords filled with RDX, are used to initiate buried disposal charges. Explosive components are arranged in the pits to be in close contact with the disposal charge. 

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Tricyclic pyrazole derivatives (698) are described by Hashem et al. as inhibitors of the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus and KB cells at moderate concentrations (76JMC229). 

Specific information about the optimum conditions for the synthesis and the activity of the enzyme has been reported for Pseudomonas fluorescens screening of various micro-organisms resulted in the selection of a P. fluorescens strain with an initial rate of conversion of 3 g P h 1 in an imoptimised state. The following conclusions could be made concerning the production of L-phenylalanine by P. fluorescens ... 

The low-temperature method has been applied to some primary and secondary alcohols (Fig. 1) For example, solketal, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (3) had been known to show low enantioselectivity in the lipase-catalyzed resolution (lipase AK, Pseudomonas fluorescens, E = 16 at 23°C, 27 at 0oc) 2ia however, the E value was successfully raised up to 55 by lowering the temperature to —40°C (Table 1). Further lowering the temperature rather decreased the E value and the rate was markedly retarded. Interestingly, the loss of the enantioselectivity below —40°C is not caused by the irreversible structural damage of lipase because the lipase once cooled below —40°C could be reused by allowing it to warm higher than -40°C, showing that the lipase does not lose conformational flexibility at such low temperatures. 

Enzymes PPL, lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens F-AP, lipase from Rhizopus orizae AP-6, lipase from Aspergillus niger, SP-254, lipase from Aspergillus oryzae P-2, Chirazyme WCPC, whole cell cultures of Penicillium citrinum WCPFL, whole cell cultures of Pseudomona fluorescens CAL-B, lipase from Candida antarctica B PS-C, lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia GCL, lipase from Geotrichum candidum. n.r. not reported. 

Lipase ANL, lipase from Aspergillus niger, BCL, lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) CAL-B, lipase from Candida antarctica B PPL, lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens PPL, pig pancreatic lipase. 

In turn, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)phenylphosphine P-borane 90 underwent acetylation only in the presence of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens, but its stereochemical outcome depended on the solvent used (Equation 43). The absolute configuration of 91 was not determined. 

Various cyclic esters have been subjected to hpase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization. Lipase catalyzed the ring-opening polymerization of 4- to 17-membered non-substituted lactones.In 1993, it was first demonstrated that medium-size lactones, 8-valerolactone (8-VL, six-membered) and e-caprolactone (e-CL, seven-membered), were polymerized by lipases derived from Candida cylindracea, Burkholderia cepacia (lipase BC), Pseudomonas fluorescens (lipase PF), and porcine pancreas (PPL). °... 

Nonheme/flavin Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens a Keller et al. (2000)... 

The gene encoding the esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzyme displayed both hydrolytic and bromoperoxidase activity (Pelletier and Altenbnchner 1995). 

Howell JG, T Spector, V Massey (1972) Purification and properties of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Biol Chem 247 4340-4350. 

Keller S, T Wage, K Hohaus, M Holzer, E Eichjorn, K-H van Pee (2000) Purification and partial characterization of tryptophan 7-halogenase (PrnA) from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Angew Chem Int Ed 39 2300-2302. 

Hearn EM, JJ Dennis, MR Gray, JJ Foght (2003) Identification and characterization of the emhABC efflux system for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Pseudomonas fluorescens cLP6a. J Bacterial 185 6233-6240. 

Vandenbergh PA, RL Cole (1986) Plasmid involvement in linalool metabolism by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 939-940. 

Joshi-Tope G, AJ Francis (1995) Mechanisms of biodegradation of metal-citrate complexes by Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Bacterial 177 1989-1993. 

Wang C-S, DA Kunz, BJ Venables (1996) Incorporation of molecular oxygen and water during enzymatic oxidation of cyanide by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2195-2197. 

Best DJ, NC Floyd, A Magalhaes, A Bnrfield, PM Rhodes (1987) Initial steps In the degradation of alpha-pinene by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11671. Biocatalysis 1 147-159. 

The metabolism of ferulate to vanillin by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AN103 is carried out by an enoyl-SCoA hydratase/isomerase rather than by oxidation, and the enzyme belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase superfamily (Gasson et al. 1998). 

Bottiglieri M, C Keel (2006) Characterization of PhlG, a hydrolase that specifically degrades the antifungal compound diacetylphloroglucinol in the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 418-427. 

Schouten A, G van den Berg, C Edel-Hermann, C Steinberg, N Gautheron, C Alabouvette, CH de Vos, P Lemanceau, JM Raaijmakers (2004) Defense responses of Fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphlo-roglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 17 1201-1211. 

The metabolism of fluorobenzoates has been examined over many years. Early studies using Nocardia erythropoUs (Cain et al. 1968) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Hughes 1965) showed that although the rates of whole-cell oxidation of fluorobenzoates were less than for benzoate, they were comparable to, and greater than for, the chlorinated analogs. As for their chlorinated analogs, both dioxygenation and hydrolytic pathways may be involved, and studies have revealed that the different pathways depended on the positions of the fluorine substituents. 

Hughes DE (1965) The metabolism of halogen-substituted benzoic acids by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biochem J 96 181-188. 

Muraki T, M Taki, Y Hasegawa, H Iwaki, PCK Lau (2003) Prokaryotic homologues of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase in the 2-nitrobenzoate degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 1564-1572. 

Pak JW, K1 Knoke, DR Noguera, BG Fox, GH Chambliss (2000) Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by purified xenobiotic reductase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens 1-C. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 4742-4750. 

In Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 29574, oxidation produced a number of C2-metabo-lites after initial transamination (Figure 10.3b) (Narumiya et al. 1979). 

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