Immobilization bacterial

Gautier S.M., Blum L.J., Coulet P.R., Fiber-optic sensor with Co-immobilized bacterial bioluminescence enzymes, Biosensors 1989 4 181. 

Wang Y, Fan Y, Gu J-D (2004) Dimethyl phthalate ester degradation by two planktonic and immobilized bacterial consortia. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 53 93-101... 

Resmi et al. [59] used laterite stones for the immobilization of Pseudomonas putida (MTCC 1194). The amount of bacterial biomass attached to the support was 8.64 g/100 g of stones on dry weight basis. Packed bed reactor was used for treating mixture of seven azo dyes. With the help of immobilized bacterial strain, dye mixture was degraded to nontoxic smaller molecules. It was reported that even after 2 months, bacteria-coated pebbles were stable and suitable for the aerobic degradation of azo dyes. With the help of TLC and HPLC, 61.7% degradation was reported at the concentration of 50 pg/mL of dye. 

Sensitive flow-injection analyses of aspartate, glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, and oxaloacetate were developed using immobilized bacterial luciferase enzymes. 

In response to the success of microbially mediated cleanup of metal-contaminated waters, some commercial bioremediation products such as BIOCLAIM, AlgaSORB, and BIO-FIX are available. More detailed descriptions are provided by Brierley (1990). BIOCLAIM and BIO-FIX use immobilized bacterial preparations while AlgaSORB utilizes a nonviable algae matrix for metal removal. In addition to these products, there are several proposed proprietary processes including the use of immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus biomass for uranium recovery (Tsezos, McCready Bell, 1989). A froth flotation method for enhanced contact between biomass and contaminated water has been proposed by Smith, Yang Wharton (1988). 

Derwenskus, K. H., Fischer, W., and Sprinzl, M. (1984). Isolation of tRNA isoacceptors by affinity chromatography on immobilized bacterial elongation factor Tu. Anal. Biochem. 136, 161-167. 

Ngo, T. T., Khatter, N., and Avid, A. L. (1992). A synthetic ligand affinity gel mimicking immobilized bacterial antibody receptor for purification of immunoglobulin G.. Chromatogr. 597, 101-109. 

De Rosa, M, Nicolaus, A., Gambacorta, B., Buonocore, V., and Poerio, E. (1980) Immobilized bacterial cells containing athermostable p-galactosidase, Biotechnol. Letters 2, 29 -34... 

Recent examples of process improvement have been reported by Davison and Thomson [11] and Kaufman et al. [12]. They studied the simultaneous fermentation and recovery of lactic acid in a biparticle fluidized-bed reactor using L. delbreuckii as the biocatalyst. The immobilized bacterial cells (on calcium alginate beads of 0.7-0.8 mm diameter) were fluidized in the liquid media in a column reactor (see Fig. 1). During fermentation, solid particles of lactic acid adsorbent (polyvinylpyridine resin) are added batchwise to the top of the reactor, and fall countercurrently through the biocatalyst. After the adsorbents have fallen through the reactor, they are recovered and the adsorbed lactic acid is recovered. The adsorbents not only remove acid produced but also effectively maintain the broth pH at optimal levels. The increase in lactic acid production is significant. The reported volumetric productivity of 4.6 g/l/h was a 12-fold increase over the reactor without the adsorbents. 

Roda A, Girotti S, Ghini S. Continuous-flow determination of primary bile acids by bioluminescence with use of nylon-immobilized bacterial enzymes. Clin Chem 1984 30 206-10. 

At present there are no totally satisfactory methods of commercially removing limonoid bitterness. Several new approaches are being developed which may lead to a more complete solution to the problem. These include specific adsorbents of limonoids, a biological reactor that uses immobilized bacterial cells, and the preharvest approaches which are presented in the text. 

From the point of view of mechanical properties, performances of capillary membranes charged with cells are almost comparable to those of bacteria-free ones. The interesting conversions observed in lactose hydrolysis and the remarkable stability of immobilized bacterial fl-galac-tosidase encourage further studies for the development of an enzyme membrane reactor oriented to possible industrial applications. 

K. Kurkijarvi, T. Heinonen, T. Lovgren, J. Lavi, and R. Raunio, Flow-Injection Analysis with Immobilized Bacterial Bioluminescence Enzymes. Anal. Appl. Biolumin. Chemilumin., 3rd (1984) 125. 

A. Nabi and P. J. Worsold, Bioluminescence Assays with Immobilized Bacterial Luciferase Using Flow Injection Analysis. Analyst, 111 (1986) 1321. 

Quintana MG, Dalton H (1999) Biotransformation of aromatic compounds by immobilized bacterial strains in barium alginate beads. Enzyme Microb Technol 24 232-236 Raschke H, Meier M, Burken JG, Hany R, Muller MD, Van Der Meer JR, Kohler HPE (2001) Biotransformation of various substituted aromatic compounds to chiral dihydrodihydroxy derivatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 3333-3339 Reddy J, Lee C, Keeper M, Greasham R, Zhang J (1999) Development of a bioconversion process for production of cis-lS,2R-indandiol from indene by recombinant Escherichia coU constructs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51 614-620... 

An optical toxicity biosensor device can utilize light-emitting bacteria immobilized directly onto a surface or incorporated in a polymer that is directly deposited onto glass or other surfaces. Toxicants added onto the immobilized bacteria cause an increase or a decrease in light output that is measured by a sensitive photo diode situated below the immobilized bacterial film. 

Mitsubishi Rayon produces acrylamide from acrylonitrile with the help of an immobilized bacterial enzyme, nitrile hydratase (see Fig. 9.20). This acrylamide is then polymerized to the conventional plastic polyacrylamide. This process was one of the first large-scale applications of enzymes in the bulk chemical industry and replaced the conventional process that used sulfuric acid and inorganic catalysts. The enzymatic process has several advantages over the chemical process. The efficiency of the enzymatic process is 100%, while that of the previous chemical process was only 30-45%. The energy consumption is only 0.4MJ/kg product, compared to 1.9MJ/kg product for the chemical route. The process generates less waste. The CO2 production is only 0.3 kg/kg monomer, while the previous process produced 1.5 kg/kg. The reaction is carried out at 15°C, which is milder than the original chemical route. About 100,000 tons of acrylamide are produced yearly now via this approach in Japan and other countries. 

One critical issue to consider in running HFMRs is the oxygen supply. Different from the other bioreactors, the ECS in an HFMR cannot be directly aerated. In order to improve oxygen supply, the culture medium has to be circulated in the lumen at high rates. HFMRs have been used for immobilizing bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells [129]. However, most of the studies were focused on mammalian cell cultures, for example, culture of hybridoma cells for the production of antibodies [130,131]. 

Watanabe, H., Hastings, J.W., and Tu, S.-C., Activity and subunit functions of immobilized bacterial ludferase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 215,405, 1982. 

---